CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT

The generation of damage, disease, death, or other symptoms at the cellular level in cells that are exposed to or subjected to a pathogen.

CYTOPATHOGENIC MIRROR EFFECT

Distant EM pathogenic effect noted by Kaznacheyev in thousands of military experiments, where cellular death, disease, and damage forms are shown to be transmitted from one cell culture in the dark (absence of visible light) where the changes are induced, to another similar targeted cell culture in the dark that is environmentally shielded from the first except for light transmission in the infrared and in the ultraviolet.  After exposure begins, after a time delay (say, 2 hours or more), the cells in the targeted cell culture will begin to exhibit the same symptoms as the culture having the induced damage.  Eventually, in most cases the targeted cells will develop the same damage, disease condition, or death.  The effects vary with the time of day etc.

The necessity for photon connection from IR to UV is shown by contrasting a thin quartz window allowing the light transmission with a thin window glass window.  The quartz is open from the IR to the UV, and will pass that entire spectrum.  With the visible light absent, the IR and UV biophotons emitted by the damaged cell culture will pass through the quartz window into the targeted cell culture.  After the time delay, the targeted cell culture starts developing the condition.

Use of a thin window glass window, however, prevents the effect.  Normal window glass is opaque in the IR and in the UV, and so it blocks the transmission of the IR and UV biophotons.

The UV is a harmonic of the IR, arranged properly.  An unusual effect exists when two sine waves one the first harmonic of the other, are simultaneously transmitted into an isotropic nonlinear medium, such as water.  On each sine wave, the peak travels faster in the water than off-peak parts of the wave does.  Hence the wave peaks overshoot its middle, the wave collapses, breaks up, etc.  Both the waves of the transmitted harmonic set do that.  However, if one pretends that one transmitted the difference frequency between them, and not the waves themselves, a strange phenomenon results.  Regardless of the breakup of the primary harmonic set, the difference frequency travels through the water as if it were a real frequency in a linear medium.  This effect has been proven and is used in underwater sonar equipment.

For example, see Owen Flynn,  "Parametric arrays: A new concept for sonar," Electronic Warfare Magazine, June 1977, p. 107-112.  Any two sine-wave frequencies as simultaneous drivers combine to produce a sine-wave difference frequency propagating in water, essentially without sidebands or reverberations.  Its pattern has a main lobe approximately equal to that of the high frequency drive, but devoid of sidelobes.  The level of the propagating difference frequency is proportional to both the product of the two fundamental drive levels and to the square of the desired value of difference frequency.

Living cells contain a great percentage of water.  Hence the effect should apply to those targeted cells, under the conditions stated.

From general relativity, we know that any pattern and dynamics of mass-energy, such as in a cell and all its parts and dynamics, directly interacts with local spacetime to curve it, and any set of curvatures of spacetime interact with any conglomerate of mass-energy and its parts and dynamics.  The set of precise curvatures and their dynamics we call an engine.  In a mass embedded in a local region of spacetime containing an engine, the engine will interact with the mass-energy to change it if the mass-energy and its dynamics do not "fit" the engine and its dynamics.

In a diseased, damaged, or dead cell, the mass-energy of that cell and its "template" (form and dynamics) differs from its template while the cell was living and normal.  Let us now see what happens when that dead cell emits a biophoton.

A photon emitted from a dielectric such as a damaged cell, is not emitted just from one spot.  Every part of the dielectric participates in the emission of that photon.  (See "porthole concept", to be added).  Further, each emitted photon contains in its scalar potential and its magnetic vector potential, the exact longitudinal EM waveset that constitutes the vacuum engine of the damaged cell that emitted it.  When a cell absorbs a photon, it absorbs that vacuum engine carried by the photon also.  If it absorbs a stream of photons of harmonic interval, the difference frequency constitutes in terms of a wave, traveling through the cell water as if in a linear medium, and transporting that vacuum engine to every part of the absorbing cell dielectric.

So the biophotons emitted from Kaznacheyev's damaged, diseased, or dying cells sent biophotons containing the exact spacetime curvature engines and dynamics of their precise condition (template). Further, a harmonic interval of such radiation is transmitted into the targeted cells, and absorbed.  The mixing of the two absorptions eventually is sufficient to establish the harmonic interval, thus with a clear EM signal difference that travels through the cell's water and to every tiniest part of it.  This "difference frequency clear signal" also contains the pure vacuum engines of the template of the changes in the diseased, dying, or damaged emitting cells.

The result is the "kindling" (coherent integration) of the template in the absorbing cell's local spacetime in which it is embedded.  As that spacetime engine grows, it differs from the resident engine of the absorbing cell.  That difference is itself an engine, and it operates steadily upon that absorbing cell to alter its engine and then its physical condition and state.

As the new engine continues to interact, the physical cell is gradually changed into an equilibrium condition in its mutual interaction with its local spacetime engine.  That occurs after the absorbing cell has developed the same disease, damage, or dying condition as the transmitting cells.

This is the secret of the Kaznacheyev experiments.  The Kaznacheyev work was allowed to be released in the open literature to stimulate the U.S. scientific and intelligence communities and see whether or not the scientists and analysts had applied a unified field theory and higher symmetry electrodynamics to the EM bioeffects problem.  The totally casual reception of the Kaznacheyev experiments in the West, with no interest or interaction from the stimulated communities, assured the KGB conclusively that the West was still in kindergarten in its knowledge of EM bioeffects, and particularly had little or no knowledge in the field of EM biological warfare.

Kaznacheyev referred to the effect as the "cytopathogenic mirror" effect, for the pathogenic effects from the emitting damaged cells being "mirrored' in the targeted cells.

See Vlail Kaznacheyev and L. P. Mikhailova, Ultraweak Radiation in Intercellular Interactions, [in Russian], Novosibirsk, 1981.  An English exposition of much of the Kaznacheyev work is given in Vlail Kaznacheyev, "Electromagnetic Bioinformation in Intercellular Interactions," Psi Research, 1(1), Mar. 1982, p. 47-76.  See also Vlail Kaznacheyev, "Apparent information transfer between two groups of cells," Psychoenergetic Systems, 1(1), Dec. 1974;  Vlail Kaznacheyev et al., "Distant intercellular interactions in a system of two tissue cultures," Psychoenergetic Systems, 1(3), Mar. 1976, p. 141-142.  In the same issue, see "A Comment" by William A. McGarey, p. 143; "A Comment" by Arthur C. Hastings, p. 143-144.

Seven or eight nations now have longitudinal EM wave interferometer weapons, capable of beaming right through the earth and ocean to the other side of the planet.  At least two of these nations—Russia and China—are capable of adding engine structures to these interferometers, and sweeping a targeted population area to generate that specific disease condition in that target.  A sophisticated use would be to have agents (such as terrorist teams already in the United States and with biological agents in hand) release a small quantity of smallpox in the area previously targeted.  The LWIs have swept the entire area continuously for a period, slowly kindling (especially at night) the exact form of the disease within the bodies of the populace.  A curious thing happens if the level of kindling of the smallpox state has been kept just beneath the observable state, within what is sometimes called the "shadow state" (just barely virtual).  A smallpox pandemic will explode in that populace with a ferocity never seen in modern times, and at an unparalleled rate.  This is further exacerbated by "spreading the immune system" prior to the attack (term and discussion to be added), which seriously weakens the immune system's ability to resist any single pathogenic attack.

There are hardly any supplies of smallpox vaccine left that are viable.  Even where there are, the Russian laboratories developed strains of smallpox resistant to the normal vaccine, and after the collapse of the Russian economy and the former Soviet state, these strains were sold on the black market to the highest bidder.  Further, most of the Soviet scientists employed in those secret biowar facilities wound up employed in several other nations, most hostile to the United States.

The point is this: Such a strike could in fact kill up to 2 billion people worldwide.  Further, the entire affair would appear to be just a chance breakout of smallpox, and its spread through a nonresistant world populace.

When modern biological warfare is actually analyzed in detail, the "bang for the buck" is greater than it is for nuclear weapons.  Further, a rogue or hostile nation can take its time in advance and develop quantities of smallpox vaccine (for the very strain it will use), then initiate such a clandestine campaign after it has vaccinated its own populace, armed forces, and agents.  Guess who survives after such an attack.

CYTOTOXIC

Toxic (acts as a poison or toxin) to cells.

A toxin is a colloidal proteinaceous poisonous substance that is a specific product of the metabolic activities of a living organism.  The toxin is usually very unstable, and is notably toxic when introduced into the tissues.

DARK ENERGY

The Heaviside nondiverged energy flow component, surrounding every field/charge and potential/charge reaction but unaccounted in present electromagnetic theory after being arbitrarily discarded by Lorentz.

DATUM

Consideration, or data considered, or information considered, or action considered, or result considered.

DEATH

The disintegration of the personal quantum potential's connection to the physical body's atomic nuclei by loss of the mind-body connection mechanism. 

Simply put, separation of the quantum potential containing the time-like mind-frame from the body.  Loss of the preferential tuning of a physical body to its mindworld.  This causes loss of the preferential consciousness loop or life channel, resulting in "death" (reversion to inert matter) of the body.  Actually the quantum potential and the mind-frame remains, so the being is unchanging and indestructible, hence consists of all changes and destructions simultaneously, with none separated individually.  Life and death thus are two sides of the same coin, and the coin is immutable, regardless of which side is exposed.

DE BROGLIE WAVE

A matter wave, conceived by Louis de Broglie.

The quantum mechanics wave associated with a particle of matter, which can give rise to interference effects. An orbital electron in an atom is associated with a standing de Broglie wave on a Bohr orbit. De Broglie waves always move faster than the speed of light, the speed being given by c²/v, where c is the velocity of light in vacuum and v is the velocity of the particle of mass. De Broglie wave velocities thus vary from the speed of light to infinite speed (everywhere at once). In his speech accepting the Nobel Prize, de Broglie emphasized that, since these waves produce real physical effects, they are real and must not be regarded simply as mathematical conveniences.

DEBYE, PETER

Dutch-born American physical chemist and Nobelist, 1884-1966, who performed important and fundamental studies in bipole moments and diffractions of X-rays and electrons in gases.

DEDIFFERENTIATION, CELLULAR

The reversion of a cell or cellular structure to a more primitive or generalized condition.

Dedifferentiation is often preliminary to a major change in the cell or cellular structure.  It can also be a reversion of the cell to a previous—even primeval—cell form.  The important point is that dedifferentiation returns the cell to a previous (past) cellular state.  Reversion of a cancer cell, e.g., would cause the cell to return to a normal cell, since that is the nature of its "cellular past."  It is vitally important that Becker has demonstrated that cells can be differentiated (moved forward to a future state) or dedifferentiated (moved backward to a previous state) electrically, by very weak DC currents (picoamperes).  He was nominated for a Nobel Prize for this epochal work. 

Actual electromagnetic redifferentiation of terminal tumors in laboratory animals was repeatedly demonstrated by Prioré et al in the late 60s and early 70s and reported in the peer-reviewed French medical journals, as was reversion of depressed immune systems, cures of infectious diseases, and curing of arteriosclerosis.  It is inexplicable that this positively demonstrated cure of cancer—which could also cure infectious diseases and probably can be developed to cure AIDS—was suppressed in the mid-70s and has not been vigorously pursued by present establishment medical science.

DEGENERATE SEMICONDUCTOR

A semiconductor whose conductivity approaches that of a metal.

DELGADO, JOSE M. R.

Noted Spanish neurophysiologist well-known for his research on brain behavioral mechanisms and their control by electrical stimulation; who implanted electrodes in the brains of animals and humans and demonstrated that their responses (both behavioral and emotional) were specific and depended upon the specific localized part of the brain that was stimulated.

A TV tape made by Delgado showed a spectacular demonstration where he stopped a charging bull in mid-stride.  With a small hand-held radio transmitter, he transmitted a radio signal to a receiver implanted in the head of the bull.  This dramatic demonstration caused a world-wide sensation.

The significance of his work is given by Becker:  "Delgado discovered the exact parts of the brain in which electrical stimulation produced fear, anxiety, pleasure, euphoria, or rage in human subjects.  He found that certain sites produced major personality alterations.  For example, stimulation of one such site could cause very proper, reserved young ladies to become flirtatious and sexually aggressive.  Other sites inhibited maternal or aggressive behavior.  In short, Delgado was able to profoundly alter human behavior through electrical stimulation of discrete areas of the brain." … electrodes were implanted in the pleasure centers of rats' brains.  The animals were provided with two levers to press.  One of these delivered food, and the other produced electrical stimulation of the pleasure center.  Invariably, the rats chose to press the lever that stimulated the pleasure center, even to the extent that they died of starvation." (Becker, Cross Currents, p. 221-222).

It is known based on a rare OMNI interview that Delgado progressed to detailed study and experimentation for the behavioral and emotional effects in monkeys of specific magnetic field frequencies on monkeys.  These successful experiments involved electrical currents produced in the brain but hundreds of times lower in intensity than those required for direct electrode stimulation.  Since then, some information has been cautiously released from Western military studies showing that microwave pulses can couple to the central nervous system and produce stimulation and behavior alteration similar to Delgado's released experimental results.

Comment: The ultimate and most refined techniques in the field of electromagnetic control of human behavior, volition, emotion, etc. is provided by Russian psychoenergetics, the military version of which is totally under KGB control.  This work has progressed far beyond what Delgado and Becker were discussion so long ago.  The use of the infolded longitudinal EM waves and "engines"—once the technology is developed—allows direct engineering of conscious and unconscious mind, memory including short term and long term, perception, awareness, etc.  The additional advantage of using EM longitudinal waves is that mass is largely a very thin dispersion of particles, with (relatively speaking) very large distances between them, somewhat like the solar system but on different scale.  This "inner space" is filled with EM waves, potentials, and fields—all of which decompose into sets of longitudinal EM waves and their impressed dynamics.  Thus the earth and ocean are readily penetrated by longitudinal EM wave beams, and the Russians (KGB) has developed such LW interferometers since the mid 1950s.  However, by LW interferometry where the patterns and dynamics of the carried LWs are engineered, any desired mapping pattern of precise EM signals, frequencies, phases, and magnitudes can be reproduced in distant interference zones, reaching right through the ocean.  These interferometers could localize the distant interferometry into a 6-inch diameter volume as early as 1985, so from that time forward it gradually became possible to perform all of Delgado's "inserted electrode" EM stimulus in a single selected human brain from the opposite side of the earth.  So approximately 1985 is when I would estimate the beginning of the "golden age" (ugh!) of distant psychoenergetics was initiated.

By 1997, this development would be into at least third generation weapons, just being deployed or just having been deployed, considering an somewhat accelerated weapons development program where 6 years is one generation.  By 1997, very complex individual behavioral and perceptual control should have just arrived in on-site deployed strategic weapons systems.  See discussion under conscious mind.

Some selected useful references are: J.M.R. Delgado et al., Journal of Anatomy, vol. 134, 1982, p. 533 reports that developmental defects occur in chick embryos exposed to various ELF frequencies.  See also J.M.R. Delgado, Physical Control of the Mind: Toward a Psychocivilized Society, Vol. 41, World Perspectives, Harper & Row, New York, 1969.

DEMODULATION

From a carrier containing a modulated signal, recovering the signal that was used to modulate it.

DENSE SIGNAL ENVIRONMENT

For our purposes, when the number of weak EM signals crossing one square meter per second reaches 200,000. 

At 500,000 important nonlinear optical type effects of significance—particularly long term cumulative effects—begin to occur in the exposed biological organism.

DEPARTING ORTHOROTATIONS

In space of dimensions greater than four, the rotating of an object or entity away from its line of motion, in the direction of a dimension at right angles to the line of travel in the observer's three-space, by some number of additional 90° rotations.

The Lorentz transform in special relativity, e.g., is just a formula for this kind of rotation.  What we call "velocity" is actually a measure of rotation.  In 4-space, any object in 3-space can only rotate "out" of 3-space in one direction: toward the time-axis.  As the object rotates toward that time-axis, we see the object as having a velocity in 3-space, and its "length along the line of motion" as having diminished.  When the object rotates the full 90°, its "length along the line of motion" has been converted to "time" rather than length.  Hence it has zero length along the line of motion and is moving at c, the speed of light in ambient space.  It is also no longer material, but is a sort of flat plane surface moving at speed c in a direction perpendicular to the plane. 

In that 4-space model, it is impossible for anything to move faster than light speed.  So Einstein's postulate dealing with the fact that it is impossible to translate mass, signals, etc. faster than light speed has a built-in assumption that only one orthogonal departing rotation can be made from 3-space.  That postulate need not apply at all if more than one departing orthorotation is permitted—which of course requires a space of 5 dimensions or greater.

The notion is that, if we allow a spacetime of greater than four dimensions, by continuing to rotate ever more orthoturns in a departing direction away from the original line of travel, the rotated object loses one observable dimension for every orthorotation. Hence with three "departing" orthorotations it becomes a "nonobservable point" to the normal observer, but one that would be moving at speed c³.  A single orthorotation would make the 3-dimensional object a two-dimensional plane moving at speed c.

No matter how many rotations are made in a departing manner, the object is still connected to the time dimension common to all dimensions (assuming only a single time dimension for simplicity).  So it exists in an orthorotated space, but in the same time.  To the physical observer in 3-space, it thus appears to be a "time-like" or "mental" object only.  Nonetheless, by affecting the density and structuring of the time domain, it can have an effect on a 3-spatial object.  We discuss that mechanism under the subjects of the mind-to-body coupling mechanism and the body-to-mind coupling mechanism.  Further, with the Sachs-Evans unified field theory approach, the time-domain can be directly engineered.  This means that both "inert" or physical reality and time-like or "mental" reality can be directly engineered by novel electrodynamic means.

In short, a photon is just a particle (such as an electron) that is orthorotated once (toward the time axis). In photon emission, a little bit of the mass-energy turns into orthorotated photon energy.  In photon absorption, the absorbed photon energy turns back into mass-energy.

The higher dimensional orthorotational concept was originally formed to allow a physical modeling grasp on a "mental" object as compared to a "physical" object, and to have a connection mechanism between the two.  Such an approach can be used to model both mind and matter, their interaction, etc.  The present author has used it to solve the old philosophical problem of "intent", of how the perception of self is attained, how the external world is perceived separate from self, etc.  A model for both living and nonliving states does emerge. 

This or a very similar approach has been used by the Russian's highly classified weapon science called energetics.  That third branch of energetics is called psychoenergetics and it is the physics of directly engineering mind states, mind operations, memory, etc. by extended electrodynamic means.   We have previously detailed much of this work privately, but with some detailed openly in a few papers.  E.g., see T. E. Bearden, "Mind Control and EM Wave Polarization Transductions, Part I", Explore, 9(2), 1999, p. 59; Part II, Explore, 9(3), 1999, p. 61; Part III, Explore, 9(4,5), 1999, p. 100-108.

DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE

When two waves or wavesets from two different sources superpose to produce a combined waveset that has a lower intensity than the sum of the intensities of the two original waves.

DETERMINISTIC PATTERN OR TEMPLATE

The exact arrangement, by plan and deterministic action, of a group of entities.

E.g., of the photons in a "herd" or "group" of them. Or a set of spacetime curvatures, into a dynamic structure called a "spacetime curvature engine"—or "engine" for short.  Or by the virtual photons in the vacuum flux, or a deterministic set of changes to that vacuum flux (the vacuum flux that is called the "vacuum potential." I have called this function—of a deterministic patterning or templating of the virtual flux (particle view) of the potential—dimensioning the potential.

DIELECTRIC

Literally, "against electric (current),"

...originally coined to mean "opposes the flow or conduct of electric fluid."

In today's language, a dielectric is a non-conducting material used to oppose or prevent the flow of electric charges. Even empty vacuum exhibits some dielectric resistance. "Dielectric" is also used to refer to a nonconducting material (often used between the metal plates of a capacitor or elsewhere) which can (i) sustain a change in potential across a distance (i.e., an E-field), and (ii) serve as an insulator. Space itself is a dielectric, or at least it is said to exhibit certain dielectric qualities.

DIFFERENTIATION, CELLULAR

(1) specialization of body parts or organs in the evolutionary process.  (2)  modification of different parts of the body to perform particular functions.  (3) modification of the cells forming these body parts or organs so as to perform the necessary cellular functions required to support the functioning of the body part or organ.

DIFFRACTION

The bending of light at the edge of an opaque object.

Usually diffraction introduces undesired distortion and is a problem.  However, it can be useful and desirable—for example, in a diffraction grating.

DIMENSION

A certain primary geometrical physical attribute, such as length, used to describe the separational relationships of physical phenomena.

The degree of that separation is known as "length", "time", etc.  By "geometrical" we mean that the "dimension" is considered to "exist" in either the presence or absence of the observable physical phenomenon; however, by understood agreement the dimension itself is not directly observable. It can be inferred ("measured"), however, by comparative operations of simple devices such as clocks and meter sticks, and its simplistic definition is usually given as "that which has measurable magnitude." Prescribed measuring procedures are used to assign magnitudes to these inferred dimensions, using specific scales.

Actually, "dimension" just means "fundamental quantity of separation" and "geometry" in the most general sense. The number of dimensions taken in advanced physics usually represents a somewhat arbitrary choice for good modeling fit. In modern Kaluza-Klein theory, for example, it becomes necessary to accept some 10 or 11 dimensions in the usual particle physics case. General relativity has incorporated the interaction of the abstract geometry (spacetime) with mass.  Until Sachs' extension of Einstein's work into a unified field theory and Evans' incorporation of O(3) electrodynamics as an important subset of Sachs' unified theory, general relativity has largely remained a nonexperimental discipline, at least in the laboratory.  With the new Sachs-Evans approach, however, GR becomes substantially engineerable by novel electromagnetic means, including in the laboratory and in devices.

DIMENSIONING

This is an artificial term I sometimes use to mean "forming an exact pattern or 'template', particularly of nested curvatures of spacetime, where the pattern/template may also be dynamic.  It involves the internal structuring of the "dimensioned" entity.

The use of the term "dimensioning" makes sense in unified field theory, but is awkward in normal EM theory which erroneously considers that EM energy propagates in an uncurved spacetime.  The mere presence of a change in local spatial energy, created by the wave energy itself when present in that local region, curves the local spacetime.  Hence the EM wave rigorously travels in curved spacetime, and in fact identically is a propagating, oscillating curvature of spacetime.

Dimensioning also implies a deliberate form or structure (with dynamics) created in the virtual photon flux of the vacuum or of the virtual photon flux comprising a scalar potential, or in the infolded longitudinal wave EM inside all EM potentials, fields, and waves.  It implies an associated set of spacetime curvatures and their dynamics.  The latter are referred to as "engines", "vacuum engines", "spacetime curvature engines", etc.

Dimensioning potentials or signals or carrier waves also involves adding hidden vacuum engines to them. I chose the descriptive term dimensioning because adding such templates (hidden vacuum engine structures) is equivalent to increasing the EM topology by adding dimensions. Since an EM wave or field or vector potential can be decomposed into two scalar potentials, then by "dimensioning" one or both of the scalar potentials one can "infold" the desired hidden structures or patterns (vacuum engines) inside an EM carrier wave, EM field, or vector potential. So I called this dimensioning those entities. Internally structuring the two scalar potentials via arrays of EM LW emitters, and then applying the necessary dynamics (modulations), is primarily the manner in which dimensioning can be directly engineered.  When dimensioning is present, two identical EM waves as seen on the oscilloscope may have dramatically differing internal structures (dimensioning), and hence the two will produce drastically differing effects when they interact with the same or similar objects.  This of course is the mechanism involved in the Kaznacheyev experiments and in the decades-long microwave radiation of the U.S. Embassy in Moscow, where health changes and diseases were electromagnetically induced in personnel in field-free (stable and nonchanging potentials) areas.

Russian energetics refers to what we are calling "dimensioning" simply as adding the information content of the field.  A very skilled disinformation program (actually, a strategic deception program) has been used to deceive the West into believing the phrase refers to ordinary spectral analysis.  It doesn't.  The importance of the dimensioning concept is that one has not formed mere "signals," instead, one has formed vacuum engines. If a receiving object receives a signal, it may or may not act upon that "signal information."  If it receives a vacuum engine, however, the engine (structured local spacetime flux) directly acts upon it to make the requisite change.  Further, the energy for the interaction's working upon the exposed object or system is furnished continually from the curved spacetime set and their dynamics. The receiving object has absolutely no choice in that action occurring to it, and the action can occur from the gluons and quarks inside the charges in the nuclei, to the lattice structures, to the system dynamics, to the elements so as to transmute them, etc.

Note that when a dimensioned EM field or potential is absorbed by an object, that object also has internal EM fields and potentials which have substructures (usually rather random).  However, the internal structure of the absorbed dimensioned entity and the internal structures of the EM fields, potentials, and waves do mix in a direct diffusion process.  Hence with continued irradiation, the target can be "charged up" with the desired internal dimensioning structure.  This is how the microwave irradiation of the U.S. Embassy accomplished disease induction, using signals with the desired disease dimensioning impressed in their structures, particularly in the potentials.  In the Gulf War Disease, a much more sophisticated use of this mechanism was made, using a quantum potential as the carrier.  All the effects (including the body fluid transmission, the EM fields of the body transmitting and kindling some of the effects in children in proximity to a dimensioned veteran parent, can be explained.

The use of dimensioned EM fields, waves, and potentials—and the use of dimensioned quantum potentials in Bohm's hidden variable theory—allows an entirely new science of EM biological warfare, far more threatening and lethal than the more primitive physical pathogenic kind.  It is also possible to use the techniques for revolutionary healing, as unwittingly shown by Prioré and the scientists working with him, and also as shown by Becker et al.

The only way in which the action of a vacuum engine (dimensioned carrier entity) can be resisted is to create and simultaneously introduce the exact antiengine for it.

Once the action has been completed in the receiving object and it has been changed, the only way it usually can be undone is to form a precise antiengine for that action, amplify the antiengine, and let the antiengine act upon the object for a sufficient time to "time reverse it back to its previous physical state and condition".  The Prioré mechanism utilized that method for reversing the cellular damage due to cancer and infectious diseases, and to restore suppressed immune systems.  The same mechanism, if re-developed, could also be used to reverse aging in living human patients.

The engine and antiengine processes can also be applied by structuring the "time-charging" or "time-excitation charging" of the particles of mass in a body.  The "port-hole" concept even allows ordinary EM radiation to be used to forcibly transduce the input ordinary EM into the extraordinary EM and thereby forcibly accomplish the necessary time-charging actions  for disease and body deterioration reversal.  See discussions under "port hole concept" and "time-charging".

DIPOLE

In the simplest case, two separated charges of (usually equal and) opposite sign.

As a general definition, a localized positive charge or charge distribution, and a localized negative charge or charge distribution, such that the net charge summation is zero, but wherein the positive and negative charge distributions do not superpose. We point out, however, that in regular physics electrical charge has no proper definition. Try looking it up in several physics dictionaries! Then check our proposed definition of electrical charge. As is well-known in particle physics, a dipole is a broken symmetry in the virtual photon flux of the vacuum.  By definition of broken symmetry, this means that some of the virtual energy flux continuously absorbed from the seething vacuum by the charges of the dipole, is not re--radiated as virtual energy.  Instead, it is integrated coherently and re-radiated in 3-space as real emitted EM energy.  The dipole is therefore a true "negative resistor" since it receives EM energy in unusable form, and re-emits it in usable form.  In classical EM theory, the problem of how every charge and dipole can continuously emit EM energy to form all the associated fields and potentials and their energy, is an unsolved problem—sometimes called the most pressing problem in electrodynamics, both classical and quantal.  For the solution and a discussion, see my paper "Giant Negentropy from the Common Dipole," Journal of New Energy, 5(1), Summer 2000, p. 11-23. 

Because of the broken 3-symmetry of the dipole, the EM energy flow is not conserved in three dimensions (symmetry represents a conservation law, and broken symmetry represents the violation of that conservation law—in this case, violation of conservation of 3-space EM energy flow).  Instead, EM energy flow is conserved in 4-dimensions, and the hidden inflow of EM energy  to the dipole is actually from the complex plane (time domain).  Thus all EM energy is actually received from the time-domain, and so the importance can be seen of the internal structuring of time-flow and of longitudinal EM waves in the time domain.  Such time-domain energy flows appear naturally in O(3) electrodynamics; see M. W. Evans and  T. E. Bearden, "The Most General form of the Vector Potential in Electrodynamics," Optik (in review).

DIRAC, PAUL A. M.

Noted English physicist, 1902-1984, who shared the Nobel Prize for developing wave mechanics and predicting the existence of the positron.

DIRAC SEA

Considering the vacuum as containing—amongst other things— a "sea" of an infinite negative energy conditions or states ("holes") for electrons, almost all of which are filled with electrons.

In Dirac electron theory, the relativistic wave equation for the electron has four components, which correspond to two spin orientations and two energy conditions: positive and negative.  Thus the vacuum possesses a "sea" of negative energy conditions for electrons.  These are called "holes" and are considered to ordinarily be filled or mostly filled with electrons which have fallen into these negative energy states.  The Dirac sea thus is this vacuum sea of negative energy electrons.  In forward time, if energy is added, electrons can be lifted from this sea.  If spacetime is locally curved, additional holes may be created so that normal positive energy electrons fall in and disappear, creating the appearance of an "electrical energy sink."  If the curvature is in the opposite direction, electrons may be lifted from the Dirac sea by the curvature, thus producing a flow of electrons and creating the appearance of an "electrical energy source."

DISCRETIZED

Occurring in a finite size, fixed as a function of one or more variables.

So long as the same value(s) of the variable(s) are selected, the discretized entity is always the same size. However, if the value(s) of the determining variables are changed, the value of the discretized quantity may change so that it is not a whole number multiple of the former entity. Compare this to a quantized entity, where the values of the variable(s) are held to those wherein the entity will always be a multiple of an entity of fixed size.

DISEQUILIBRIUM

Broken equilibrium, which in turn involves breaking appropriate conservation laws.

DISSOCIATION

Separation of ideas from their affects or feelings, resulting in independent functioning of these components of a person's mental processes.

Simply put, fragmentation of the mind and personality.  Severe dissociation is the definition of insanity.

DISTORTION CORRECTION THEOREM

"If a scalar wave E1(r) propagates from left to right through an arbitrary but lossless dielectric medium, and if we generate in some region of space [say near z = 0] its phase conjugate replica E2(r), then E2 will propagate backward from right to left through the dielectric medium, remaining everywhere the phase conjugate of E1."

Quoted from Amnon Yariv, Optical Electronics, 3rd Edn., Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1985, p. 500-501.

What is missing from the distortion correction theorem is hidden in the phrase "if we generate in some region of space … its phase conjugate replica..".  Since electrodynamicists and optical physicists have been unaware that all EM energy at any point in space comes from the time domain to that point, then the actual phase conjugate wave in the imaginary plane (from the time domain) is not utilized as the phase conjugate replica.  Instead, the interaction of that wave with charges, which actually produces the force-field wave in space, is assumed.  In short, one is looking at the "effect" wave, not the "cause" wave.  However, since time is not an observable even in theory, it is this "effect" wave in 3-space that will be measured by our instruments.

Note also that the distortion correction theorem says nothing about longitudinal EM waves in the time domain.  Interestingly, in nonlinear optical pumping, it appears that the 3-space energy of the pumping 3-space waves is transformed into the time domain by the pumping, and thence flows from the time domain into the 3-space domain to form the progression of the time-reversed replica wave in 3-space.

It is apparent that much more work should be done upon the foundations of phase conjugate optics, in a higher symmetry electrodynamics model such as O(3) electrodynamics and particularly in the unified field theory as in the Sachs-Evans combined approach.

DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)

Nucleic acid that constitutes the genetic material of cellular organisms and also certain viruses.

DRUDE, PAUL

Important German physicist, 1863-1906, who formulated the theory of the free electron gas inside conductors, using it to formulate a theory of metallic resistance.

DRUDE ELECTRON GAS

The "free" electrons that have broken loose from their atoms in a conductor, and are thus free to "wander around" and "migrate"—or flow as current when exposed to an emf.

Also called the electron gas, or Drude electron gas. Named after the German physicist Paul Drude who died in 1906, who formulated Drude's theory of metallic resistance based on EM theory and his own theory of electrons.  See P. Drude, Ann. Physik, Vol. 1, p. 566; Vol. 3, 1900, p. 370, 869 for the original Drude papers.

DUALITY PRINCIPLE

In quantum mechanics, the principle that photons and other particles propagate like waves and interact like particles, so that their descriptions as only waves or only particles is inadequate.

ECM

Electronic Countermeasures.

Electromagnetic measures taken against targeted electronics or electromagnetics operations in systems, particularly in hostile weapon systems, command and control systems, etc.  There are entire textbooks in the West that are devoted to ECM effects, uses, effectiveness, etc.  A great deal of ECM equipment is also used by any modern military force.  However, in our view what is greatly lacking as yet in Western ECM is the deliberate design and use of novel new kinds of ECM based on the extended higher electrodynamics such as O(3) electrodynamics, and particularly by use of longitudinal EM waves and by use of the infolded electrodynamics inside all EM fields, potentials, and waves.  Longitudinal EM wave interferometers (LWIs), e.g., can reach right through the earth and the ocean to emerge on the other side of the earth.  In the interference zone (IZ), real EM "transverse wave" energy is created readily by the interferometry.  Biasing of the chassis grounds of the distant LWI transmitters can control whether the "normal" EM energy appearing in the target IZ is convergent (cooling) or divergent (heating).  By sharp pulsing of the LWI transmitters, massive cold explosions or hot explosions can be created in the IZ.  Continuous LWI interferometry can produce geometric forms of EM energy, which usually glow due to the ionization of the atmosphere, etc. in the dense EM energy regions.  Since these can also involve general relativistic effects as well as electromagnetics effects in the U(1) CED sense, obviously a dramatic expansion of the entire field of measures and countermeasures is entailed.

We believe these LWI weapons may be what was referred to by U.S. Defense Secretary Cohen as follows: "Others are engaging even in an eco-type of terrorism whereby they can alter the climate, set off earthquakes, volcanoes remotely through the use of electromagnetic waves… So there are plenty of ingenious minds out there that are at work finding ways in which they can wreak terror upon other nations…It's real, and that's the reason why we have to intensify our  efforts."  Secretary of Defense William Cohen at an April 1997 counterterrorism conference sponsored by former Senator Sam Nunn. DoD News Briefing, Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen, Q&A at the Conference on Terrorism, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and U.S. Strategy, University of Georgia, Athens, Apr. 28, 1997.

EDGE WAVES

In electromagnetics, waves that form parallel to a material edge.

EDISON, THOMAS ALVA

Noted American inventor, 1847-1900, whose staggering number of inventions included the storage battery, electric light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures, and carbon microphone.

E-FIELD  (ELECTRIC FIELD)

The electric field or electric intensity E.  That field on a spinning charged mass which produces an electrical force resulting in a linear motion of the charge.

See also discussion under c, above.

E-FIELD, MOTIONAL

In classical EM theory, the electric field produced by moving a conductor in a magnetic field.  Often called motional inductance of the field. 

In the orthodox theory, motional inductance is deemed to be identical to the inductance caused by a time rate of change of the magnetic field, experienced by the moving conductor.

E-FIELD, STATIC

In orthodox theory, the electric field in the space surrounding a static charged particle, induced by the presence of the charged particle.

In classical EM, there is no notion as to the causative mechanism for this static field of and from a charge, which implicitly is assumed to just continuously create and pour out EM energy in all directions, thus grossly violating energy conservation..  Consideration of this anomaly leads to what has been called the most pressing problem in both quantal and classical electrodynamics: the question of the formation of the fields and potentials associated with the "source charge". 

For a full solution to this problem, see my "Giant Negentropy from the Common Dipole," Journal of New Energy, 5(1), Summer 2000, p. 11-23.  Also on this website.

EHRENHAFT, FELIX

Scientist who performed numerous experiments believed to demonstrate fractional charges.

EINSTEIN, ALBERT

German (Jewish) physicist, 1879-1955,  who emigrated to the U.S. and formed special and general relativity theory, discovered and formed the theory of Brownian motion, recommended the development of the atomic bomb to President Roosevelt, and profoundly affected the course of science and the modern world.

EINSTEIN-de HAAS EFFECT

The rotation observed in a freely hanging ferromagnet when it becomes magnetized.

It has been used  in the Einstein-de Haas method to determine the gyromagnetic ratio of a ferromagnetic material by suspending a cylinder of the material from a torsion fiber and measuring the angular displacement of the cylinder when its magnetization is reversed.

EINSTEIN, PODOLSKY, AND ROSEN PARADOX

Thought experiment in 1935 for measuring two correlated photons separated and at distant locations, protesting that quantum mechanics requires that the particles communicate instantly, which is a "spooky action-at-a distance" (Einstein's phrase).

The experiment eventually was performed and it works, just as required by quantum mechanics.  The paradox inspired the development of hidden-variable theories.

EINSTEIN'S POSTULATES

(1) All the laws of physics are equally valid in all inertial frames of reference,

(2) the speed of light is the same to every inertial observer, and

(3) the observable local effects of a gravitational field are indistinguishable from those arising from acceleration of the frame of reference.

The first is called the special relativity principle, the second is called the law of light propagation, and the third is called the equivalence principle. It is now known that postulates (1) and (2) are not independent of each other. Note that the third postulate implies that any local force is due to a "gravitational field" (acceleration of the frame of reference). It also implies that gravitational force has a mechanism, since quantum mechanics assigns a differential operator, operating upon a potential, to create every force. By extended inference, it can be seen that the third postulate also implies that there should exist a method to turn any type of force (field) into gravitational force (field).

The Russian physicist Sakharov has strongly postulated that gravitation is not even a fundamental field of physics, of the kind used by Maxwell in his electrodynamics. Instead, in this view G-field is always comprised of, and made from, other fields and interactions upon them. Indeed, such has always been implicit in general relativity, it just took Sakharov to formally propose it. E. g., see A. D. Sakharov, "Vacuum Quantum Fluctuations in Curved Space and the Theory of Gravitation," Soviet Physics Doklady, Vol. 12, No. 11, 1968, p. 1040-1041 [English translation.] Sakharov's article (in Russian) in Doklady. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Vol. 177, 1967, p. 70-71.

Now let us do a little "tinkering" with Einstein's postulates. For the first one, we point out that in the new approach using dimensioning and subspaces, the notion of an inertial frame now has acquired additional complexity! The "gross translation" effects—which tends to be what physics ultimately focuses upon—can remain the same, and yet vacuum engines can be buried up inside the inertial frame to act upon a mass in non-translating ways. Everything translation-wise can remain the same, but now matter can be transmuted and transformed, etc., still right there in an inertial frame.  So when the infolded electrodynamics inside all fields, potentials, and waves are utilized, the notion of "inertial frame" has acquired a higher topology and then one inertial frame may differ very substantially from another inertial frame. This of course move one from special relativity into full general relativity, and even there into a slight extension.  Special relativity can remain special relativity on the surface, and yet effects occur "within" the objects postulated to exist in this inertial frame. The "inertial frame" concept in the postulates is now just a sort of special "equilibrium case" of a higher topology "inertial frame" notion.

The second postulate now stands as a "special case" of a far more general second postulate. It actually defines (and limits) "light" to bulk changes in the entire vacuum potential magnitude. It only applies to light signals which are "bulk upheaval" disturbances of the vacuum potential (spacetime). Specifically it need not apply to the "inner EM/GR realm" of longitudinal EM waves infolded inside the vacuum potential, other potentials, signal carriers, etc. Superluminal communication is now included in this "hidden variable" communication. The Fogal semiconductor is in fact capable of infolding and outfolding EM signals, including producing the internal longitudinal EM waves, and during their infolded state these signals are permitted to move at superluminal velocity.

So the second postulate needs to be restated to include the present statement as a special case. Notice that the concepts "light" and "speed of light" have now taken on much richer, extended meanings, since there is "outfolded" light and "infolded" light, so to speak. Light now is not just the "external perturbation wave" in the ambient vacuum potential medium (in flat spacetime).  Instead, it can also be an "internal perturbation longitudinal wave" inside a "net flat spacetime" which does not show on the "surface" at all. Indeed, it may move in the time dimension or in 3-space.  It now includes the transmission of an extraordinary "vacuum engine" as well as the usual transmission of just an ordinary signal.

And these infolded vacuum engines can be visualized as very special sets of longitudinal EM waves and their dynamics, consistent with the Whittaker decomposition.  His U(1) symmetry electrodynamics decomposition—particularly when enriched in the higher symmetry O(3) electrodynamics—applies to the ambient vacuum as a potential (it is a potential since it has energy density).  So the "subspace" inside spacetime, so to speak, is just a set of LWs and their dynamics, and that subspace itself is engineerable, just as is the "bulk curvature of spacetime" itself.  Further, we may now consider space itself is just a vast superhighway for such superluminal LWs and their dynamics.  Mass is mostly empty space with only an occasional particle here and there and with fields, potentials, and waves in between.  Hence huge masses such as the ocean and earth are actually superhighways for the direct passage of longitudinal EM waves, "engines", etc.  The degree of "transparency" is a function of the degree of cleanness of the LWs.

The third postulate has also been dramatically extended and requires revision. As presently stated, antigravity effects do not appear to be included in present physics heretofore. The "gravitational effects and external accelerated effects" notion in conventional physics is still founded purely on ordinary bulk translation. Now it need not be. For example, the system can appear to be an ordinary system, as judged by normal "external light" observation. Yet its internal vacuum engines can cause local violation of most so-called "laws of nature."  The reason a "law of nature" can be violated is that one is now able to violate the premises upon which it is postulated, and which are required to hold if the law is to hold.  Or another way to look at it: any conservation law is the result of a symmetry.  Breaking that symmetry allows violation of that specific conservation law.

So as we've said so many times before, the infolded  EM inside the "conventional" EM fields, waves, and potentials—and inside the vacuum potential and spacetime itself—dramatically changes the present theories of electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, and general relativity. Further, for the first time the Sachs unified field theory allows an engineering approach which simultaneously crosses, includes, and extends all three disciplines in the required manner.  The approach can be placed into good engineering models based on the Sachs work, particularly using the O(3) electrodynamics subset spearheaded by Evans, and the models can be tested and verified or falsified.

EINSTEIN'S GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

Mathematical theory of gravitation in which the gravitational force is mathematically described by a curvature in space or spacetime.

In other words, the geometry and its dynamics have become physical agents.

It is important to note that, in general relativity, the curvature of spacetime acts on mass-energy, and changes in or to mass-energy interact back upon spacetime to change its curvature.

Further, we consider that an exact pattern of curvatures of spacetime and their dynamics exists for every mass system and its dynamics.  This is the engine concept.  The most general way to engineer matter is not by brute force translation, but by forming spacetime engines.  Once formed, these engines act upon any mass placed in the engine region, to eliminate the deltas existing in that mass's resident engine and the impressed engine.  The curvature of spacetime itself furnishes the energy for the continuing action upon the mass, once we pay to form the engine.  The mass can be acted upon at any level, from its gluons and quarks to its nuclei, to its atoms, its lattice forces and binding energy, etc.  Significantly, the Sachs theory applies to physical reality from beneath the quarks and gluons to the entire universe, and folds in quantum mechanics, electrodynamics, and general relativity into a single unified field theory that is (in theory) engineerable by higher symmetry electrodynamics means.

ELECTRIC FIELD

The conventional definition is this: "1. a region in space in which a stationary electric charge experiences a force due to its charge. 2. the electric force per unit test charge." Dictionary of Science and Technology, ibid., p. 720. That definition is flawed. Consider the "spatial aspects" of part 1. If an electric field is defined as a force per unit charge, it is not a region in massless space but is an effect of something existing in massless space and interacting with the charged mass.  The electric field prior to interaction is indeed related to a region in space, because it is identically a curved spacetime region.  In the Sachs approach, general relativity and electrodynamics have become one and the same.   So prior to interaction, the field as it independently exists prior to interaction with charge has become a curved spacetime region, and the field is purely a spacetime curvature effect. The interaction with mass to produce a force on and of that mass (mass is a component of force, and there is no such thing as a massless force) is a separate consideration from the field as it exists in space prior to interaction.   The result of this entity's interaction with charged mass has nothing to do with what an electric field is; but with what it does to charged mass. Further, the force evidenced on a charged particle is not due to its charge; it has that charge always, whether or not there is a net force evidenced on it!

Part 2 is a little better. The only problem is, it totally disagrees with the entity existing in space prior to interaction.  In other words, here it's a "force on a charge", which is an effect occurring after the interaction.  Again, it is what the field does or accomplishes, not what it is.  Hopefully the reader can now begin to see what terrible difficulties await anyone who seriously attempts foundations definitions.  Feynman sums it up admirably in one of his famous statements: "Everything we know is only some kind of approximation, therefore, things must be learned only to be unlearned again or, more likely, corrected."  An additional difficulty is that the very notion of a separate massless force independent of the mass on which it operates, is fictitious, yet continues to be widely used.  Recalling that any true definition is an identity and not an equation, let us start with the definition of force:
F º d/dt(mv). As can be seen, force is a system comprised of (i) a mass component and (ii) a nonmass component. The force is not something separate from the mass, at all! Further, force is not even unitary. It's a system comprised of two coupled components; the mass and a coupled (interacting) gradient in a potential flux. Note that v involves motion through, and interaction with, the virtual flux comprising the vacuum potential. Note that dv/dt involves a gradient in that flux interaction with the mass. Unfortunately mechanics is still using the medieval concept of a "separate force acting upon a separate mass." That is wrong, unless we change the fundamental definition of force itself. See, e.g., Robert Bruce Lindsay and Henry Margenau, Foundations of Physics, Dover Publications, New York, 1963, p. 283, where the authors emphasize that a "field of force" at any point is actually defined only for the case when a unit mass is present at that point.  The reason can be seen: mass is a necessary component of force, and without mass present there cannot be a force present.

ELECTRIC DIPOLE

See Dipole.

ELECTRODYNAMICIST

A specialist in electrodynamics,

...the physics of the relationships between electric, magnetic, and mechanical phenomena—and especially a specialist in electrodynamics theory. 

It should be pointed out that essentially all electrodynamicists are versed in U(1) electrodynamics, and a much smaller number are versed in more advanced electrodynamics such as O(3) symmetry electrodynamics, unified field theory electrodynamics, non-Abelian electrodynamics, etc.  The electrodynamics field is actually a very vast field indeed, touching everything in physics.  Very often, when one needs a particular electrodynamics problem solved, it calls for a special category of electrodynamicist and not just an electrodynamicist in general.  One must therefore sometimes examine the background of the electrodynamicist making a statement or a pronouncement: electrodynamicists after all do have differing views and differing disciplines within the field.

ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE (EMP)

A sharp pulse of electromagnetic radiation produced when an explosion occurs in an unsymmetrical environment, especially at or near the earth's surface or at high altitudes.

Essentially the same as an electromagnetic shock wave, a wave of great intensity which results when waves with different intensities propagate with different velocities in a nonlinear optical medium.  An EMP is also produced when two intense longitudinal scalar electrostatic potential wave patterns meet and couple into a sudden flash of vector EM energy.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SMOG

The background of extremely weak EM radiation that fills the normal modern environment, particularly in developed nations.

The individual signals are too weak to individually produce effects of any significance in biological systems.  However, in a dense EM smog environment with 500,000 signals per square meter per second, the signal complex and its nonlinearity begin to produce highly nonlinear effects in biological systems.  These effects also produce damage that may cumulate over a long period of time, including for years.  This bioeffects area has largely not been investigated by EM bioeffects scientists.

It should be pointed out that electric lines, telephone lines, transmission lines, etc. act as long wire antennas to detect and propagate such very weak EM signal noise.  Essentially all the radiators in the environment—including electronics equipment, TV stations, radio stations, factory machinery, etc.—thus produce very weak signals picked up by these long line antennas and piped into every home, factory, neighborhood, etc.

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF)

A difference of potential created by sources of electrical energy—i.e., by separated charges (dipoles)—which can be utilized to drive electrical currents through external circuits.  Also, open circuit voltage, or the limit of the potential difference between the source's terminals as the current in the external circuit approaches zero.

Poorly named.  Also quite confused in the standard theory and usage.  First, emf is not a force at all.  It is a difference in potential, hence it is measured in volts.  Also, it is not considered an E-field, since that is a field of force.  Yet it is in fact a , restricted to the direction between the two measurement points, and   is considered to be an E-field in the theory!

 For this reason the standard theorists say that the term is sometimes used as equivalent to a difference in potential, but that strictly speaking it should be applied only to a source of electrical energy!  The problem is that conventional theorists are unaware that a potential is a bidirectional flow of energy in 3-space, where the energy enters from the time-domain (complex plane).  Since they are unaware that a potential is hidden negentropic energy flow process involving broken 3-symmetry and viable 4-symmetry, the theorists are unable to consider the potential in general as a source of energy flow.  Yet they are forced to consider a potential difference across the terminals of a source as "somehow a flow of energy, that generates forces upon the electrons to propel them through the circuit as current flow." 

In the new viewpoint, a resolution is achieved of these incongruities by more accurately defining the E-field with respect to the potential as E [q]/q.  It is noted that [dA/dt]q/q also produces an E-field, so that the full definition of the E-field is as E [(+dA/dt)q]/q.   However, one volt represents one joule (of excess energy) per coulomb of charge.  The energy density flow in an electric circuit is in the voltage, in the emf, and it is not in the current per se.  The electron current (drift current) carries the excess energy that is being dissipated as work in the circuit, but in a nominal circuit the drift current only moves a few inches per hour.  Half the energy is dissipated in the external circuit and external losses, and half is dissipated in forcing spent electrons in the ground return line back up through the back-emf of the source, performing work inside the source to dissipate its separation of charges.  Left alone, any dipole will furnish emf indefinitely, freely receiving the energy from the time domain (complex plane) and outputting it in 3-space.  The free flow of EM energy will continue unabated from the undestroyed dipole, regardless of how many external loads and losses are powered (how much energy is collected and dissipated from the ongoing flows representing the potential).  So electrical circuits should be developed which allow little or no electrons to be forced back up through the dipole to dissipate its separation of charges and destroy the dipole.

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE, BACK (BACK EMF)

Back emf is a loose term used for the counter-electromotive force.

When the source is powering a circuit or circuit element, the term "back emf" is used to refer to the forcing of current (electrons) back up through the source against its emf, thereby performing work inside the source to dissipate its separation of charges (its dipolarity).  When a potential source of electrical energy—such as a capacitor, an inductor, or a rotating machine—is receiving energy from the source and converting it to dissipative power and work, that "powered" device is said to develop a counter-emf.  A source has a built-in emf a priori, that is holding its charges separated so that it is dipolar.  When electron current is forced backwards through the source through its built-in counter-emf, and backwards against its emf, work is performed against the internal resistance of the source to dissipate its separation of charges, thereby dissipating the source.  If electron current is not allowed to flow back up through the source against its back emf and through its built-in counter-emf, no dissipation of the source occurs, even though energy density (not electron current dq/dt but energy flow d/dt) is flowing from the source and can be collected in collectors in the external circuit to store the energy as a created local energy source. This collected energy can then be shuttled to a separate load circuit and released, to provide a "heat pump" cycling operation and overunity coefficient of performance. 

Nikola Tesla in fact knew how to shuttle energy in a circuit in such fashion, as Barrett's quaternion analysis of Tesla's actual patented circuits has revealed.  [See T.W. Barrett, "Tesla's Nonlinear Oscillator-Shuttle-Circuit (OSC) Theory," Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, 16(1), 1991, p. 23-41.]  Note that a rigorous analysis of those same circuits, using tensors or vectors, will not show the effect.

When the original source dipole is not dissipated because electron current is not passed back up through its back-emf to scatter the charges, the original source dipole will continue to furnish emf indefinitely. 

The terms emf and counter-emf are normally applied only to recognized sources of electricity.  Emf is applied as the algebraic sum of the potential differences acting in a circuit attached to a source.  Back-emf (counter-emf) is applied as the potential difference internally through the source, between its terminals.  Its main application is thought to be a powered device or component in the circuit.  Actually, its main application is to prevent COP>1.0 electrical power systems from being developed and utilized.

ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)

A diagnostic application which detects changes in electrical potentials associated with muscle contractions.

Specific electrical patterns have been associated with specific abnormal states (e.g., denervated muscle), but the method has not yet been systematically developed beyond this application.

ELECTRON

Stable elementary particle in all atoms, and having a negative charge of 1.602´10^-19 coulombs, spin ½, and mass of 9.11´10^-31 kilograms.

ELECTRON GAS

A system of electrons with only weak interactions so that the electrons may be regarded as moving independently. 

Thus, in many ways, that collection of electrons can be treated as a gas.  Also see discussion under Drude Electron Gas.

ELECTRO-OPTICS

A technology in which electrons are focused and steered as if they were light.  Examples are the cathode ray tube (CRT) and the electron microscope.

ELECTRO-POLLUTION

Also called electromagnetic smog and electronic smog.  The conglomerate or maze of EM fields and radiations that are produced by technologies such as electric power transmission and radio transmission, and that can have long term cumulative harmful effects on humans.

The new viewpoint dramatically extends the types of fields and effects involved, and gives entirely new mechanisms for the interaction of EM fields and radiation with biological systems, including cumulative effects, signal-density effects, and vacuum engine effects.  A mechanism for long term causation of cancer and leukemia by electro-pollution is derivable in the new approach.

As an example, even though the myriad of very weak EM signals comprising the electro-pollution are individually tiny, each when interacting at a local site with the body or its cells involves a broken 3-symmetry and thus an involvement of 4-symmetry, with corresponding giant negentropy.  Further, the Heaviside dark energy component accompanying that local field interaction will in turn interact with essentially all the other locations of the body.  Each of these interactions involves broken 3-symmetry and involvement of 4-symmetry.  The result of the large complex of broken 4-symmetries constitutes a direct structuring in the time domain, hence weak time-pumping and weak time-charging.  Time charge excitation decays only very slowly, emitting longitudinal EM waves inside the body as the charge decays.

Over a long period of time (sometimes years), this "time-hash" or "time-jamming" upon the operation of the master cellular control system, the immune system, and the cellular regeneration system is cumulatively detrimental.  In this way, effects such as leukemia, cancer, etc. may be gradually "kindled".  However, there have been no real scientific laboratory "cause and effect" investigations of this phenomenology at all.  Nonetheless, the results will and do show in epidemiology studies, which are then attacked by orthodox scientists (many employed directly or indirectly by the power industry, etc.) on the grounds that no laboratory cause and effect evidence has been shown.

In short, this is one of the areas where the lack of scientific cause and effect laboratory evidence—because such experiments have not even been done—is improperly used to negate real scientific work showing deleterious effects that powerful interests do not wish shown.

ELECTRO-RETINOGRAPHY (ERG)

A diagnostic application that monitors changes in electrical potentials across the retina to assess eye movements. 

This is almost the only method available for noninvasive monitoring of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep.

ELECTROSTATIC COOLING

To be added

ELECTROSTATIC SCALAR POTENTIAL

A static (stationary) ordering in the virtual photon flux of vacuum.

The word "static" is unfortunate and should be replaced by "stationary", since the underlying active vacuum medium is always in violent motion, and there is nothing truly "static" in the universe.  But an equilibrium condition can exist, even in violent motion, so that a stationary entity persists.  An example is a perfect whirlpool in a river.

ELF

Extremely Low Frequency.

Used to describe EM fields whose frequencies lie in the range from just above 0 Hz (direct current) to 300 Hz.  This includes power line frequencies (60 Hz in U.S. and 50 Hz in Europe) and frequencies used by certain U.S. military ELF communication systems such as for submerged submarines.

EM

Electromagnetics.

EMF

Electromotive force.  See discussion under that term.

EM FIELD

Electromagnetic field.  In its loose usage, it refers in a very broad way to any field, force, or energy associated with electromagnetic interactions, charges and currents. 

Thus "EM field" includes electrostatic fields, magnetostatic fields, electromagnetic fields (including radiation and induction), vector-potential and scalar-potential fields, Hertz potentials, Fitzgerald potentials, Whittaker potentials, etc.

In its precise usage, "EM field" conventionally refers to an EM "force" field, such as the
E-field, D-field, B-field, H-field.  In classical electromagnetics (CEM), as a holdover from the old assumption of a material ether, the force fields are considered (erroneously) to exist in mass-free space, and they are also considered to be the primary causes of electromagnetic phenomena.  This is a non sequitur, and it involves substituting the effect for the cause.

In the new viewpoint, the force fields do not exist in vacuum, but only in and on and of the charged particles themselves, where mass is present to form one component of the force.  The force fields are therefore effects and not primary causes.  The primary causes of all electromagnetic phenomena is taken to be the potentials; however, the hidden Stoney/Whittaker/Ziolkowski internal structures of gradient-free scalar potentials may interfere to cause potential gradients in and on charged particle systems.  This therefore includes distance-free scalar potential interferometry and action at a distance, as well as vacuum engines. 

The new view uses Sachs' unified field theory, and considers that the EM field in the vacuum, or an EM potential in the vacuum, is a curvature of spacetime function.  Thus the new view is a unified field theory where GR has become EM and EM has become GR, and where EM can involve or produce gravitational, temporal, and inertial effects as well.

EM FORCE FIELD IN THE VACUUM (A FALSE CONCEPT)

The erroneous notion that there exist forces in the vacuum, so that the set of forces at a set of spatial points forms a force field.

This ignores the fact that mass is a component of force, and the presence of a force requires the presence of a mass. When Maxwell formed his electrodynamics theory, he and almost everyone else believed that a thin material ether pervaded empty space. Thus there was a "material medium" in which electromagnetic fields existed, and so it followed that real forces existed in this material medium, from point to point. Indeed, to the early electrodynamicists there was no point in all the universe where mass was absent.

Heaviside, Hertz, and Gibbs reduced Maxwell's 20 quaternion equations to the present four vector equations, but did not change the force field in space assumption used by Maxwell. Heaviside detested the "mystical" potentials favored by Maxwell, and believed they were figments of one's imagination. He regarded the forces as the primary EM causes.

Yet even while Heaviside et al. were retranslating and topologically reducing Maxwell's theory dramatically, the Michelson-Morley experiment in the 1880s had already destroyed the material ether on which those same force fields were based.

Physicists, however, have continued to use the notion of a separate force acting on a separate mass, which of course is also a non sequitur, substituting effect for cause yet again.  Hence the foundations of physics remain fundamentally fouled.

For a succinct discussion of potentials versus forcefields as the primary EM causes, see Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, "Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory," Physical Review, Second Series, 115(3), 1959, p. 485-491. See also Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, "Further considerations on electromagnetic potentials in the quantum theory," Physical Review, 123(4), Aug. 15, 1961, p. 1511-1524.

EM GENERATRIX

Whatever generates electromagnetics, particularly the fields.  Time is the ultimate EM generatrix.

Whittaker showed in 1904 that the interferometry of two scalar potentials (i.e., of their hidden multiwave structures) can create all classical EM fields, no matter how complex, thereby starting a branch of electrodynamics known as superpotential theory.  See E. T. Whittaker,  “On an Expression of the Electromagnetic Field Due to Electrons by Means of Two Scalar Potential Functions,” Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., Series 2, Vol. 1, 1904, p. 367-372.  The paper was published in 1904 and orally delivered in 1903.

In 1903 Whittaker showed that any scalar potential (e.g. between the ends of a dipole) can be decomposed into a harmonic set of phase conjugate EM longitudinal wavepairs.  The present author applied the Whittaker decomposition to the scalar potential between the ends of a dipole, and pointed out that the conjugate half-set may be taken as converging EM waves from the complex plane (the time domain), while the real half-set may be taken as diverging EM longitudinal waves emitted from the dipole in all directions in 3-space.  The dipole is a known broken 3-symmetry in the dipole's violent virtual energy exchange with the vacuum; hence this shows that breaking 3-spatial symmetry allows nature to fall back to a more primary 4-symmetry.  Hence energy flow conservation is violated in 3-space, but is rigorously obeyed in 4-space.  Further, the free flow of 3-spatial energy from the dipole continues so long as the dipole exists.

The dipole thus is a true negative resistor, receiving EM energy in unusable form (from the complex plane; i.e., the time domain), transforming it into usable energy, and outputting the usable energy.  This is also the fundamental mechanism for extracting unlimited EM energy from the seething vacuum, taking the energy from the time domain via the giant negentropy mechanism.  See my paper, "Giant Negentropy from the Common Dipole," ibid.

This also means that the source of all EM 3-spatial energy is from the time domain, and is due to broken 3-symmetry.  The ultimate EM generatrix is thus time.  The ability of a bit of broken 3-symmetry (such as formation of a simple dipole)  to initiate a continuing and ongoing flow of free EM energy via the 4-symmetry between time-energy and spatial energy, means that negentropic engineering, once we get the hang of it, is far easier than our present entropic engineering.  In essence, we have to learn how to do electrical engineering all over again, from a much more fundamental point of departure.

EMI (ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE)

Disturbances of electronic equipment's operation by intrusion of extraneous EM signals from outside sources.  Also, disturbances of the operation of one or more subsystems of an electronic system by intrusion of undesired signals from other subsystems.

EMI, ANOMALOUS

An "ad hoc" term denoting an unexpected nonlinear optical functioning process in a dense signal environment whereby nonlinearities on the skin of a vehicle or cover of an equipment become pumped phase conjugate mirrors, so that they emit amplified phase conjugate replicas (PCRs)—of signals and fields impinging upon the skin or covering and the nonlinearity from electronic circuitry operating inside.

By the distortion correction theorem, these amplified PCRs precisely backtrack the signal waves that impinged upon the phase conjugate mirror from inside the vehicle or electronics, back to the original source of the internal signal.   The result is the scavenging of energy from the dense electronic signal environment and sharply focusing and directing it into the operating circuits of the internal electronics.  Thus internal signals, often amplified, start sporadically appearing through the circuits.  These sporadic jamming signals due to the anomalous EMI effect are known as EMI fireflies.

Such EMI fireflies were resoundingly experienced in U.S. missiles and aircraft in the U.S. air attack on Libya in 1986.  Although some of the anomalous EMI effects could have been produced by the unusually dense EM signal environment and poor hardening of circuits and electronics, it is believed that the weak jamming was also a test being conducted of a laboratory prototype Russian quantum potential weapon. 

This weapon appears to have been finished and deployed at the end of 1989, and then utilized against Allied forces in the Gulf War, accounting for the Gulf War Disease.  We have previously explained why British, Canadian, and American soldiers acquired the disease, why the native populace did not, and why the French troops did not.

Inside the human body, the anomalous EMI effects may be used to produce time-charging and delayed interference with the immune system, the master cellular control system, and the cellular regeneration system.  By using dimensioned signals, the targeted systems can be specifically and deterministically affected as desired, for any set of disease damage types and symptomology desired.  So the technology may be used to induce a "cocktail" mix of various infectious disease damage types.  The induced time-charging effects—where the time-charge is dimensioned—followed by longitudinal EM wave emissions from the time-charges as they decay in the veteran's body, can induce the same or similar symptoms and damage in close family members exposed to the weak but dimensioned longitudinal EM radiation.  This applies not only to wives but also to family members such as children often in close proximity to the veteran.  In addition, exchange of bodily fluids from the veteran to his spouse can directly induce the symptoms in the spouse since those fluids are themselves still time-charged (with dimensioned time charge) and slowly decaying.

ENDOTHERMIC EXPLOSION

An EM implosion, resulting in explosive electrostatic cooling.  The sudden, explosive reversal of electromagnetic energy scattering in a spacetime area so that the local EM heat energy is converted back to a negative potential.  In this manner, explosive electrostatic cooling occurs in the area. 

Endothermic EM explosion occurs by pulsed scalar Whittaker interference of two longitudinal  EM wavesets  beamed from two LW EM transmitters.  The distant transmitters of the LW interferometer must have their local electrical grounds biased well below the ambient zero potential in the distant interference zone (IZ).  Whittaker internal EM waves radiate through subspace (the LW superhighways inside EM fields, potentials, and waves in mass) from the transmitter to the interference zone, and also from the interference zone back to the negatively biased transmitter/receiver, emerging there as ordinary electromagnetic scattering energy or heat.  All normal explosions are exothermic in nature, and ordinary electromagnetic heat energy is radiated away. A scalar EM interferometer/howitzer, however, may produce an endothermic explosion (an energy implosion) at a distance, explosively extracting the heat energy at the implosion site and receiving the energy back at the transmitter site for disposal. 

The same LW interferometer can also produce an exothermic explosion in the distant interference zone, merely by positively biasing the electrical chassis grounds of the scalar EM potential transmitters and pulsing the transmission.  Negative biasing of the transmitters' electrical chassis grounds and a pulsed transmission result in an endothermic explosion in the distant interference zone.

ENDOTHERMIC LONGITUDINAL EM WAVE INTERFEROMETRY

Extraction of EM energy from a distant intersection area by a scalar interferometry whose electrical grounding is biased well below the ambient potential in the distant interference zone. 

The result is a cooling of the interference zone, and heat energy emerging at the transmitters.

ENERGETICS

The Russian term for what I have called advanced higher-symmetry electromagnetics,

...using artificially constructed Whittaker internal biwave structures to make activated potentials that have specific, desired "vacuum engines", where the EM field is a curvature of spacetime function, and thus involving a unified field theory that is engineerable by novel electrodynamic means.

I believe that the closest Western work approaching the Russian energetics science is the O(3) higher symmetry electrodynamics pioneered by Evans, particularly when combined with Sachs' unified field theory as an important subset.  The other closest Western work would seem to be the important work of Barrett in SU(2)´SU(2) symmetry electrodynamics.

The activated potential containing the infolded vacuum engine structures is said to have been dimensioned. These dimensioned potentials can be combined to form EM carrier waves which contain the hidden vacuum engines. These vacuum engines, scalar Whittaker EM interferometry, and activation of vacua and matter are used to perform unified field engineering.

Russian energetics also adds the formation and use of the quantum potential, enabling
(i) instantaneous action at a distance with multiple separated target nodes, (ii) essentially limitless direct energy amplification in the assembly of receiving nodes, without additional energy input at the initiating node, and (iii) engineering of hidden variables inside distant targets, instantaneously, without transmission as such through space. The quantum potential itself can be dimensioned, so that vacuum engines can be instantaneously transmitted into distant targets, altering their local spacetimes to contain the desired engine(s). Note that no intervening barrier can "impede" or "shield" a quantum potential because it does not travel through space as such; it just appears everywhere at once in the space where it will be.

Adding to classical EM theory, general relativity, and quantum mechanics the internal EM energy in the scalar EM potential will generate a superset of each discipline. These three new supersets are unified in their common internal EM energy subset. As a bonus mind, personality, memory, and deep biological cellular and system control are also available, since the internal time-energy domain is used by biological systems for these living functions. Energetics thus is an engineerable, unified field theory of physics and metaphysics.

Russian energetics is largely still a "secret" science, developed over the last five decades and highly weaponized. In the Russian scheme the overall area is called energetics. It consists of three subsets: (i) energetics, which applies to nonliving systems, (ii) bioenergetics, which applies to the physical bodies, cells, chemistry, genetics, etc. of living organisms, and
(iii) psychoenergetics, which applies directly to the minds, personalities, memories, emotions, and perceptions of living systems.  Russian energetics research, development, weapons, and weapon sites are under the rigid control and operation of the KGB, by whatever name it may use from time to time.  The energetics weapons are not in the regular Russian armed forces.  Energetics weapons have been tested worldwide for several decades, and this testing has been documented elsewhere by the present author.

ENERGY

Usually erroneously defined as the "capacity to do work".

The closest definition is: The invariance of that which is varying.  Note that this is a 5-law logic definition and not an Aristotelian definition.

Here we have a real bucket of worms. This term is usually totally misdefined (as in the nostrum that "energy is the capacity to work") in physics, which defines energy as the "ability to scatter itself or change its own form" which obviously are not identities! A common definition is given as "a quantity that describes the capacity to do work; commonly divided into three major classifications: kinetic (dynamic) energy, potential (static) energy, and radiant (electromagnetic) energy.  Well, energy can be changed in form and that is work.  But energy is not the "capacity to change its own form", but is its own form, as can be seen.

Anyway, we'll have a go at a definition perhaps a little more acceptable, though still imperfect.  Then we'll discuss things a bit.

Rigorously, energy is any deterministic or coherent structuring, either dynamic or stationary, existing in the virtual particle flux of vacuum.  While that sounds good, it is still "the invariance of that which is varying."  Ultimately, a thing is defined in terms of its appositive.

The type of energy depends upon the type of virtual particle(s) whose flux is selected.  E.g., electromagnetic energy is a deterministic or coherent structuring, either dynamic or stationary, in the virtual photon flux of vacuum.  Any trapped energy (ordering in the vacuum virtual particle flux) is gravitational in nature, since trapped energy is gravitational.  In a mass, e.g., it is the trapped energy that is gravitational, not the mass per se, in the modern view.  Contrast the definition of electromagnetic energy to the definition of an electrostatic scalar potential (ESSP): The electrostatic scalar potential is a stationary  trapped deterministic or coherent dynamic wave-structuring of the virtual photon flux of vacuum.  Thus it can be seen that the ESSP is a special case of EM energy: the stationary trapped case.   For this reason, a mass—which is an enormous amount of statically trapped EM energy—may properly be considered as an extremely dense EM potential, which we refer to as the mass potential.

A potential is any trapped ordering or coherence, either static or dynamic, in the virtual particle flux of vacuum.  A specific type of potential represents a selection of a particular virtual particle's flux in the vacuum, and an ordering—either static or dynamic—imposed in that flux.

However, since the scalar potential is just the static ordering in the virtual particle flux of vacuum, it follows that the scalar potential must contain—and in fact be totally composed of—internal order. E. T. Whittaker showed the form of that order in 1904.  (See entry under Whittaker, E. T.)  The scalar potential is composed of a harmonic series of pairs of antiparallel transverse waves.  The antiwave of each wave/antiwave pair is a time reversed replica of the wave in that pair.  In other words, the scalar potential is a special type of Fourier harmonic frequency expansion, coupled with its own phase conjugate present simultaneously.

Feynman said it bluntly: "It is important to realize that in physics today, we have no knowledge of what energy is."  [Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, and Matthew Sands,  Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, Vol. 1, 1964, p. 4-2.]

E.g., particularly see R. B. Lindsay, "The concept of energy and its early historical development." Foundations of Physics, 1(4), 1971, p. 383-393. Lindsay investigates the concept of energy from its early historical origin. The root of the concept is the notion of invariance in the midst of change. Lindsay covers the concept and its evolvement (or lack thereof!) from ancient times through the 18th century.

The real problem is that the notion of energy implicitly involves the age-old unresolved philosophical problem of change, posed by Heraclitus over 3,000 years ago and unresolved to this day. It cannot be solved within the realm of 3-law Aristotelian logic!  One way of posing it is something like this, after Heraclitus: "For a thing to change, it must turn into something else. How can a thing be itself and something else also? How can a thing have changed, and yet not have changed?"

The problem is that Aristotelian logic has a serious flaw of omission; it actually implicitly assumes a fourth law, which is the age-old philosopher's nightmare that, when a thing is pursued to the limit, it invariably turns into its own opposite. So in anguish the philosophers spoke of this nightmare as the "accursed necessity for the identity of opposites."

I did resolve the philosophers' nightmare some years ago, by adding a fourth law of logic to the Aristotelian three, which completes and extends Aristotelian logic, and an application rule which can be taken as a fifth law.   E.g., see Appendix III: "A Conditional Criterion for Identity, Leading to a Fourth Law of Logic," in T. E. Bearden, AIDS: Biological Warfare, Tesla Book Company, Chula Vista, California, 1988, p. 428-443. A simple proof of the fourth law is given in that paper. For a much more elegant treatment of a higher topology logic, which is also practical and useful beyond the limitations of Aristotelian logic, see G. Spencer Brown, Laws of Form. Julian Press, New York, 1972. For a proper perspective on mathematics and on Aristotelian logic, see Morris Kline, Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty, Oxford University Press, New York, 1980.

It may be that, since by "identity" we mean at least the identity of "left" and "right" different observations, considering the left and right sides of the identity statement.  If so, then already we involve a violation of Aristotelian logic in the very notion of "definition".  In short, ultimately we can only define a thing in terms of an appositive in the first place.  So we write an identity statement where left and right are different sides, then state "Oh, no, they are the same thing after all!"  Said in that manner, the problem can clearly be seen.  In one sense a definition is pure Zen, where no truth can be stated at all unless the speaker says two exactly opposing things, and then waits for the recipient to realize the truth that has been stated.

What this all means is that, since "energy" (and any other definition, ultimately) involves a logical contradiction in Aristotelian logic, we must "define" energy simultaneously in an appositive ways: (i) in the wave view and (ii) in the particle view. However, we point out that the notion of a "moving particle" is the notion of something considered momentarily as fixed (i.e., the particle), but which is immediately thereafter (in time snapshot #2) considered as moving. Notice that "moving" is changing, and so it involves Heraclitus' problem of change a priori.  The notion of a "moving wave" is also a similar thing; i.e., "a wave" momentarily considers the entity as static and not changing (in time snapshot #1), and in the next moment (time snapshot #2) considers it as moving (changing). We can only point out this dichotomy for the reader to reflect upon and hopefully to grasp. The conscious mind is a serial processor; it is extremely fast but still perceives snapshot by snapshot, serially.  It essentially has been fitted to the single photon interaction, as has Aristotle's three laws of logic. The problem is in the operation of conscious perception itself, not in nature which is not limited to just serial processing.

The unconscious mind is a massively parallel processor, so it can have many "different slides or snapshots in the slide projector" at the same time. So with our conscious mind's perception (Aristotelian logic is just a model of that, using single photon interaction as the physical observation mechanism) we see in terms of "either-or". On the other hand, with our unconscious we can also grasp the fact that single snapshot A can be the same thing as a totally different snapshot B, if the rules of "decision as to identity" are changed between snapshot A and snapshot B. Suppose that by "identity" we mean "incapable of being discriminated between." Is a black marble identical to a red marble, e.g.?  It is perceived so if you are color blind. It is perceived not to be identical if you are not color blind.  The point is something that most philosophers missed or brushed aside: identity is not absolute, but is "perceived identity".  Identity is the result of a decision operation, based on multiple perceptions, recall from memory, and comparison of two remembered perceptions.   The most simple form of comparison is simple subtraction. 

The unconscious (massively parallel) perception can handle both snapshots simultaneously. The conscious mind only can see a single marble at a time, so it will see one or the other. In a third time interval it will recall from memory the first perception, compare it with the memory of the second perception (say, by simple detailed subtraction), and then decide whether object A is perceived to be identical to object B. The unconscious (massively parallel processor) can handle both the marble snapshots at the same time. It can see both the identity of the two, to a color-blind "identity decision process" and also the nonidentity of the two, to a color-sensitive "identity decision process." Again, nature is not limited to the single-snapshot, serial perception process of our conscious (serial) processor!

Unfortunately, in physics and mathematics we seem to still be thoroughly confused on this very perception issue. Brown's work may be the first work to straighten out the area of the topology of the logic utilized. My own independent effort was successful but far cruder than Brown's; Brown did it elegantly. We bring all this out because when one deeply looks into foundations and true definitions, one will directly confront the philosopher's nightmare and one's own conscious mind will never be able to resolve the problem. One's unconscious can resolve it, but it requires a certain "stretching of the realization" to harmonize monocular perception of the conscious mind with multiocular perception of the unconscious mind.

Just as a small example, the question of "is it a wave or a particle" once raged as a great debate in physics, and was never resolved.  Instead, physicists just finally shook hands and agreed to quit arguing and fighting about it, and agreed to accept that the same entity could sometimes act as a particle, and in other cases it could act as a wave, and that as it existed in the present, before observation, it was somehow both a wave and a particle but we couldn't see its true nation (in that fashion). The key, of course, is that the question was posed in "either-or" form (Aristotelian logic form), and it cannot be answered in that reduced logic. Instead, a higher topology logic is required. Brown's logic answers it easily, as does my own four law superset of Aristotelian logic (five law superset if we count the application rule as a separate law). In the present, e.g., we have masstime and not mass. Just after a photon is emitted, we have mass and not masstime. The latter photon emission process consummates "observation." The point is, the true entity does exist in zero time as a spatial entity.  It is not a spatial entity but is a spatiotemporal entity. If the "interaction" process tears off its "time-tail," it is converted to a "spatial entity" (frozen snapshot) and therefore seems to be a particle. If the "interaction" process does not remove the time-tail, it remains a spatiotemporal entity and therefore seems to be a wave. The concept of particle is 3-spatial concept. The concept of wave involves time also. No wave can exist and "be a wave or wavelike" unless it has some time extension to "be waving" in!

The physicists debating the wave-particle duality, you see, missed the most important point that no observable exists in time or persists, a priori.  Hence rigorously no particle exists in time.

So we define energy (particle view) as any virtual particle flux pattern, where that definition automatically considers a single particle in translation as well as multiple particles in their myriad of translations. We define energy (wave view) as any wave flux, where that automatically considers a single wave in translation as well as multiple waves in their myriad of translations. Now note that one is going to have to deal with, and discriminate between, energy, energy flow, energy collection, and collected-energy dissipation.

As the reader can see, whenever one struggles with foundations issues, the problems get very complicated.  We've beat this dead horse quite enough, and leave the further beating to the reader!

ENERGY AMPLIFYING COIL

A coil whose magnetic energy flow input is first split into two energy flow inputs, each equal to the original energy flow available from a magnetic source.  Both the split energy flows then interact simultaneously with the coil, amplifying its electrical energy output compared to the conventional case where only a single energy flow interacts with the coil.

In the motionless electromagnetic generator (MEG), the curl of the magnetic vector potential of a permanent magnet (i.e., its magnetic field), is extracted and held within the core material of a special transformer, while the magnetic vector potential of the permanent magnet is freely replenished in uncurled (field-free) magnetic vector potential form in space around the core material.  Both the full magnetic field in the core and the full uncurled magnetic vector potential in space adjacent to the core interact with each output coil of the transformer.  Hence a single potential energy flow is "split" into two flows each equal to the original EM energy flow, and both the parallel flows energetically interact with the output coil.  This increases the energy interacting with the coil by this "dual interaction", so that the coil is said to be an "energy amplifying coil".

ENERGY COLLECTION/COLLECTING

In electromagnetics, exposure of an interceptor/collector, e.g., a charged particle, into an impinging EM energy flow, so that some of the flow is diverted around the intercepting particle.  We may say that the flow of energy has been "reordered" in a stream around the diverting charge.

Energy collection is not a thing which "has been accomplished" and finished; instead, it is an ongoing process.

Note now that, if you perform or consider or impose any sort of ordering at all in the energy flow/flux, rigorously you have just implied an energy collection/collecting process. The energy part of a photon, e.g., would seem not to be "energy" per se. Instead, it is an energy collection/collecting, and a time collection/collecting as well. Yet that energy part is energy also! [Not to worry! Energy and energy-collecting, contrasted as appositives, become identities at the extreme boundary separating the two concepts. That boundary is the photon concept. Aristotelian logic does not apply on the boundary, which violates the Aristotelian law of the excluded middle.] More reasonably, a charged capacitor does not have "stored energy" per se in it, in the sense of "so many chunks of energy called joules".  Instead, it has an ongoing energy collection/collecting process, where the asymmetry in the local vacuum flux exchange, of the dipole across the capacitor plates, continually extracts and "gates" a flow of EM energy from the capacitor dipole. That energy-flow bathes all the trapped charges in the capacitor. The energy-flow interaction with the trapped charges creates the
E-field and all the rest.

The diverted part of the total energy flow, is what is calculated in the "Poynting flow" or
S-flow.

ENERGY, DISINTEGRATED

An ad hoc term for the energy of the incoherent virtual particles in the virtual particle flux.

ENERGY DISSIPATION

Refers to the scattering or disordering of energy. 

This is somewhat of a misnomer, broadly used in physics and somewhat erroneous.

Energy dissipation" per se does not mean that the energy is destroyed.  Instead, there is the dissipation of the ordering (collected/collecting) of energy in which the diversion (local ordering) process disappears. What we call the "dissipation in space" of energy is rigorously the dissipation of the collection/collecting in space of the energy.  In short, the energy is scattered, as in a resistive load, in all directions.  But it is still there in space, just disordered.

Recall that all EM energy at a dipolarity comes directly from the time domain.  It is the collecting process, not the energy, that is dissipated from a point or a region. Only collected/collecting of energy can be truly dissipated. With that understood, then dissipation of collected energy is simply removing the "collector" from the energy density flow impinging upon it to cause the collecting process to occur, or removing the flow of energy impinging upon the collector so that it intercepts and diverges some of it around itself.

So there are two ways in which this "collected energy" dissipation can occur: (i) the collector is moved out of the impinging energy-flow-stream, or (ii) the energy-flow-stream impinging on the collector is reduced to zero. Note that "changing the form" of the energy—i.e., changing the collector and the type of collecting—involves both conditions (i) and (ii). Thus energy is dissipated when the collector/collecting form is changed. In the conventional, less accurate statement, work is performed when "the form of the energy is changed." That now should be stated as "work is performed when the collector in the energy-flow-stream is changed to a different collector, because the first collector must be removed from the energy-flow-stream or the energy-flow-stream must be removed from it.

In physics we also consider that "positive" work by a body is work it does on something else, while "negative" work is work done upon the body by something else. We specifically emphasize that collection/collecting need not be a unitary, one-time occurrence! The EM energy-flow impinging upon a collector roars on by it at something like the speed of light. The entire flow is diminished by only about 10^-13 (the nominal energy collecting fraction) as it flows onto, and on beyond a coulomb of charge. If that departing energy-flow is then retroreflected or otherwise returned to pass back through again, additional energy collection/collecting can and does occur from it. This can be repeated many times, particularly in an intensely-scattering, optically active material.  Also, after the collected fraction of energy is dissipated, we can also retroreflect the scattered energy flow back and reuse it again. This too can be repeated many times.

So we must be careful of the present work-energy theorem, which is a special case and assumes only a single pass of the energy-flow in the "collection/collection" of energy that "changes form." If we institute additional passes, with additional "collection/collecting of energy, then we can collect and "use" a little more energy from all that enormous energy-flow that otherwise would escape us. If we dissipate some of the collected energy, then also intercept the departing dissipated energy flow and return it, we can collect some of the energy flow again and then dissipate that new collection again. And so on.

One can permissibly get many joules of "work" from a single joule of energy by iterative retroreflection, iterative re-collection, and iterative dissipation, without violating the conservation of energy law. This is one of the major secrets of overunity energy processes. It is proven by the overunity or excess emission (Letokhov was forced to call it "negative absorption of the medium" from an intensely scattering, optically active medium, as in the Lawandy experiment and in his patented process for lasing without population inversion. It is also proven by Patterson's adaptation of anti-Stokes emission.

Let's do a gedanken (thought) experiment, where we do not even apply the nominal 10^-13 energy collection fraction. Let's just conventionally say "energy flow," "energy collection," and "energy dissipation," and ignore the "collection fraction." Since we are talking theoretically, we can have a perfect system.  So we have a closed system, which we open to input some energy into. The system then opens in the load to dissipate all the energy back to the environment, thereby doing work. Now suppose I passively (i.e., without any input energy of my own, by perfect retroreflection) return all the dissipated energy back to the input once again. We simply let it flow back in, the system collects it again, and then dissipates it again—giving us the same amount of work we had the first time. Then we do it again. And again. I think you get the picture. The fact that energy can neither be created or destroyed, but only changed, means that the "same energy" can be recycled over and over. One has to have two different actions: one that changes the form of the energy so we get some work, and the other that retroreflects and recovers the dissipated energy (does negative work!) so that we can recycle it and dissipate it again. In principle, by recycling of energy one can get many joules of work from a single joule of energy. Nature does it every day! Every joule of energy formed at the initial "Big Bang," is still with us. Every joule of it has on the average already performed many joules of work since then. And as we stated, the anti-Stokes emission process is a concrete example and demonstration that the energy recycling process can be accomplished in physical systems, so that the systems permissibly exhibit COP>1.0.

A most common example is the replenishment of a potential.  E.g., the magnetic vector potential can be curled as a B-field, and that B-field can be totally confined inside a toroid, inside a long coil, or in certain magnetic core materials (as in the motionless electromagnetic generator or MEG for short).  The A-potential will be replenished as fast as you withdraw the "total B-field" from it.  So outside the toroid or the long solenoid, you will have as much
A-potential energy as you started with, and the Aharonov-Bohm effect proves that the energy is there and will interact with electrons.  Meanwhile, in the trapped B-field you also have drawn off as much energy as ostensibly the A-potential contained in the first place.

ENERGY, ELECTROMAGNETIC

Any deterministic or coherent structuring, either dynamic or static, existing in the virtual photon or charged particle flux of vacuum.

Note that, since a photon may also be considered a positron-electron pair, the flux of charged virtual electrons and positrons is included in the flux of photons.

ENERGY FLOW

The passage of energy, in any form, in one direction or generally in one direction.

Even though this "definition" is in error, we now just bypass the unresolved "observables do not persist" problem and the 4th law nature of change (e.g., motion) problem and proceed.

Note that this energy flow may be the overall movement of an omnidirectional energy flux, or it may be the movement of waves, or both. It may be in the kinetic energy of a moving mass.  If the flow is everywhere the same, or even approximately the same, we often speak of the entire "flow" as just "energy." Often energy flow is also considered to have occurred from a region of more intense energy flux to a region of less intense energy flux, and vice versa. In other words, energy divergence or convergence is also considered as energy flow. As can be seen, the usage of the term "energy flow" is not precisely defined in physics! It isn't going to be, at least not in ordinary Aristotelian logic terms.

ENERGY FLUX

The passage of energy flow, in any form, through a unit area, and in any direction (usually all directions).

This includes both passage in a single direction, or passage in multiple directions at once.

ENERGY, FREE

Any environment or entity which freely emits, furnishes, or makes available energy which can be either collected and used as furnished or transduced into usable form and collected and used to power loads and do useful work.

The word "free" does not apply to costs, but rather to the source of the energy.  Of course the ideal is energy that is both free for the taking (collecting and using) and also inexpensively taken and used.

Implicit in the notion of free EM energy from the vacuum are five key concepts: (1) the local vacuum/spacetime itself is filled with EM energy of generally unusable form, (2) some sort of organizing principle is utilized in one part of the circuit or system to cohere the vacuum energy and transduce it into usable EM form, (3) a gating mechanism is utilized to divert the vacuum energy in transduced usable EM form from the active vacuum to the external circuits or load parts of a device, (4) the coherent gated extra energy available in the external circuits or load parts is intercepted by those circuits or load parts, couples to them, and potentializes them with extra EM energy, so that the energy is collected by the system and regauges the system asymmetrically, and (5) the external circuits or load parts then scatter or dissipate the coupled extra energy to produce useful work, without destroying the organizing and gating mechanism that is extracting and furnishing usable EM energy from the vacuum.

ENERGY SOURCE

A function or entity which furnished energy.

Since energy cannot be created or destroyed, there is really no such thing as a "source", though it is a term commonly used.  So called "energy sources" actually gate energy, changing it from one form to another.  As an example, all 3-space EM energy is gated into 3-3-space from the time-domain.  To the gating entity or "source" of the 3-space EM energy, there is an input of EM energy flow from the time domain (complex plane).  The source must be a broken 3-symmetry in energy flow, so that  more primary 4-symmetry energy flow applies.  Hence the conservation law applies to the inflow of energy from the time dimension and the outflow of energy in 3-space.

ENGINEERING, ENTROPIC

Engineering or designing systems and processes whose operation "spills" or wastes some energy.

Entropic systems—which are the products of entropic engineering—thus have COP<1.0 and function in forward-time.

ENGINEERING, NEGENTROPIC

Engineering or designing systems and processes whose operation freely "receives" excess energy, so that they output more energy than the operator inputs, the excess being received from the external environment or other source.

ENTROPY

Thermodynamics term representing a measure of a system's capacity to undergo spontaneous change.  In short, a quantity which measures the extent to which the energy of a system is unavailable to do work.

Entropy is given by dS = dQ/T, where dS is an infinitesimal change in entropy for a system absorbing an infinitesimal quantity of head dQ at absolute temperature T. In statistical mechanics, entropy is a measure of the disorder in a system and is given by S = k lnP + C, where S is the value of entropy (disorder) for a system in a given state, P is the probability of that state's occurrence, k is a fixed constant, and C is an arbitrary constant. Intuitively, the concept of entropy corresponds to the concept of disorder. We specifically call attention to the fact that the "S" used in representing entropy is not at all the S used for Poynting flow.

 In physics, a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system.  Given by S = k ln g, where S is the entropy, k is the Boltzmann constant, and g is the total number of microstates available to the system.  Sometimes stated as S = k ln (multiplicity).

Intimately connected with the Second Law of thermodynamics, which may be stated for the macroscopic case (after Baierlein) as follows: "If a system with many molecules is permitted to change, then—with overwhelming probability—the system will evolve to the macrostate of largest multiplicity and will subsequently remain in that macrostate.  Stipulation: allow the system to evolve in isolation.  (The stipulation includes the injunction, do not transfer energy to or from the system." [Ralph Baierlein, Thermal Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999, p. 29].

ENTROPY, NEGATIVE (NEGENTROPY)

In a sense, the reversal of disorder, or reversal of entropy.

Since the normal or forward flow of time is entropic, negentropy is intimately related with time-reversal.  This can be seen crudely this way: As a physical thing exists in time, it decays, ages, deteriorates, etc.  In short, its ordering as a viable separate thing gets more and more disrupted.  If it is then "reordered" precisely back to its original state, that is obviously a time-reversal of that entity.

Since the production of energy is connected to the production of more ordering, then it would seem to follow that any negentropic process also produces more energy.  Or, that production of excess energy accompanies a negentropic process, and vice versa.

When we factor in the giant negentropy process, it is seen that all EM spatial energy comes from the time domain, via the broken 3-symmetry of the source charge or source dipole.  Here we have a pure negentropic process.  Hence we may now advance a new definition of negentropy for electrodynamics: negentropy is the direct and ongoing conversion of time-energy (time-structuring and time-ordering) into 3-space EM energy.  Dipolarity (polarization) is the process initiating and producing the negentropy.  Polarization is accompanied by ongoing negentropy so long as the polarization persists.

Another way of defining negentropy even more rigorously—for electrodynamics—is to define it in spacetime as a broken 3-symmetry in EM energy flow with concomitant relaxation to a more primary 4-symmetry between time-energy flow and 3-spatial EM energy flow, where time-energy flow is transduced into 3-spatial EM energy flow.

When a system with one measure of multiplicity progresses to a state with a decreased measure of multiplicity; i.e., when its total number of microstates decreases in the transition.  A nonequilibrium steady state (NESS) system can exhibit negative entropy, and the entropy can further decrease progressively toward negative infinity as time passes.  [D. J. Evans and Lamberto Rondoni, "Comments on the Entropy of Nonequilibrium Steady States," J. Stat. Phys., 109(3-4), Nov. 2002, p. 895-920].  Note that the Second Law of thermodynamics only rigorously applies to an isolates system, where neither mass nor energy crosses the boundary of the system.  In the NESS system, that prohibition is violated, hence the second law need not apply.  The common source charge is an example of such a NESS system continuously producing negative entropy, because it absorbs virtual energy from the vacuum, transduces it into observable energy, and re-emits the energy as observable photons radiating at light speed in all directions and forming the associated EM fields and potentials and their energy.

ENTROPY (POSITIVE) 

When a system in a state with ordering progresses to a state with less ordering, i.e., when its total number of microstates increases in the transition.

ENZYME

Any of various proteins or conjugated proteins (compound of a protein and a nonprotein) produced by living cells, that serves as a catalyst for specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

The study of the various factors influencing the occurrence, distribution, prevention, and control of disease, injury, and other health-related events in a defined human population.

EQUILIBRIUM

In physics, the state of a system in which opposing forces balance each other; i.e., sum to a vector zero.

In mechanics, a system of particles where the net force acting upon each constitutent particle is zero.

In chemistry, the state of a solution where the forward and reverse reactions are equal and balance each other, so that the chemical reactants and products maintain the same amounts.

EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE (PHYSICS)

One of the principles of relativity theory.  The mass of the body determined by using the gravitational force on it to measure the mass, and the mass of the body determined by using inertial force on it to measure the mass, yield equal measurements for the mass.

ETHER

An extremely fine substance theorized to exist in space in lieu of sheer emptiness.

Discussed by Tesla, Einstein, Whittaker, and others.  Originally conceived as the luminiferous ether, a thin material fluid pervading all space. Maxwell, e.g., believed in this material ether, and formulated his theory accordingly. Thus he mistakenly provided forces in the vacuum, which forces require a material vacuum. I.e., mass is a component of force; there is no force without mass, since F º d/dt(mv). The hoary old medieval notion that a separate force acts upon a separate mass that it affects, is completely in error, though still utilized in mechanics! Modern field theorists know better, but correction of this massive error in physics has not been widely accomplished.

Originally, the ether was seen as a ghostly-thin, material, fluid medium postulated to fill space and carry electromagnetic waves, similar to the way in which a gas carries sound waves. Faraday and Maxwell added the assumption that EM fields existed as material taut strings (Faraday's lines of force) with conveniently missing endholders to provide the tension on the strings. The Michelson-Morley experiments eliminated any such material ether, but not a Lorentz-invariant nonmaterial ether (of which vacuum itself is one example, in the modern view). Maxwell's equations were derived from a mechanical ether theory. Einstein once proposed that the vacuum, complete with its electromagnetic fields, should be called the  new ether. In our own approach we have come full circle back to Einstein's suggestion, since the so-called "fields" are really just curvatures of spacetime and are included in our use of the vacuum as a giant potential comprised of virtual particle flux.  The Sachs unified field theory, I believe, is the best available, particularly when the Evans O(3) symmetry electrodynamics is included as a special subset of it.  In my own view, I regard "vacuum potential" and "spacetime" as essentially identities.  Thus both the vacuum potential and spacetime have further internal structuring and dynamics.  In relativity, this view is akin somewhat to the notion of "subspace" used on the Star Trek series.

Today the word "ether" is again acceptable in the literature when used in context of its modern quantum mechanical meaning. The "ether gas"—the quantum mechanical vacuum—is considered to be composed of virtual particles. The particles spontaneously come into being and then vanish so quickly they cannot be individually detected. That is, today the ether is regarded as a sort of specialized virtual particle gas—sort of a gas of "effervescent energy bubbles", so to speak—where the individual particles are continually being created and annihilated at a fantastic rate.

A good reference on the modern view of the vacuum is I. J. R. Aitchison, “Nothing’s plenty: The vacuum in modern quantum field theory,” Contemporary Physics, 26(4), 1985, p. 333-391.    For an O(3) treatise, see M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., "Derivation of the Lehnert field equations from gauge theory in vacuum: Space charge and current," Foundations Of Physics Letters, 13(2), Apr 2000, p.179-184.  It is shown that the Lehnert field equations in vacuum, with concomitant space charge and current, can be derived straightforwardly from standard gauge theory applied in vacuum, using the concept of covariant derivative and Feynman's universal influence.  The Lehnert and Proca field equations are shown to be inter-related through the well-known de Broglie theorem, in which the photon mass can be interpreted as finite. These ideas go some way towards addressing the inconsistency inherent, in Maxwell's famous displacement current, which has no concomitant vacuum space charge.

For technical insight into the attributes for extracting EM energy from the vacuum, see particularly M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., "Classical electrodynamics without the Lorentz condition: Extracting energy from the vacuum," Physica Scripta 61(5), May 2000, p.513-517.  It is shown that if the Lorentz condition is discarded, the Maxwell-Heaviside field equations become the Lehnert equations, indicating the presence of charge density and current density in the vacuum. The Lehnert equations are a subset of the O(3) Yang-Mills field equations. Charge and current density in the vacuum are defined straightforwardly in terms of the vector potential and scalar potential, and are conceptually similar to Maxwell's displacement current, which also occurs in the classical vacuum. A demonstration is made of the existence of a time dependent classical vacuum polarization which appears if the Lorentz condition is discarded. Vacuum charge and current appear phenomenologically in the Lehnert equations but fundamentally in the O(3) Yang-Mills theory of classical electrodynamics. The latter also allows for the possibility of the existence of vacuum topological magnetic charge density and topological magnetic current density. Both O(3) and Lehnert equations are superior to the Maxwell-Heaviside equations in being able to describe phenomena not amenable to the latter. In theory, devices can be made to extract the energy associated with vacuum charge and current.  More than a dozen ways to approach extracting EM energy from the vacuum are presented.

EVANS, MYRON W.

Noted chemical physicist, primary developer of O(3) symmetry electrodynamics, and Director of the Alpha Foundation's Institute for Advanced Study (AIAS).

Under Evans, the work of the AIAS has made enormous contributions to physics and particularly to the extraction of usable EM energy from the vacuum.  In the opinion of the present author, Evans is perhaps the single most important scientist in the Western world in the emerging field of electrical energy from the vacuum  and in solving the world energy crisis.

EVIL

Refers to an act or acts perceived to be detrimental to the receiver or referent, in the positive time stream.

Oddly, the chain of events perceived to involve "evil" to a referent in the forward time stream, would be perceived to be equally beneficial to the referent, viewed in the negative time stream.  In other words, evil in general is a synthesis of the results of observed actions or acts in the forward time motion, hence it is conjugated when time flow is reversed.

This is not just an idle question.  In our physical body, the photon interaction with the electron shells of the atoms in the body largely determines the observed forward movement of one's material body through time.  The conscious mind, fitted to the single photon interaction, thus perceives its "existence" in such terms.  Meanwhile, in the nuclei of the atoms of our material body, the charge and hence the field interactions are reversed (giving Newton's third law reactions).  That of course is a time-reversed flow of events, not sensed by our conscious mind, but possibly sensed by our deep unconscious mind.  The question then arises, "Do we then actually exist both forwards and backwards in time?"  In terms of good and evil, if the answer is yes, then this would have profound implications to theology and to the study of human consciousness.

  Theologians (and philosophers) have pondered the "nature" of good and evil for literally thousands of years, and have reached no truly firm conclusion to date.  The sticking point (theologically) seems to be the puzzle of a perfect, "all good" creator who had to have created evil also (since the Creator is axiomized to have created all).  To the question, "How could a perfect Creator have created—or even tolerated—evil?", theologians have yet to find a satisfactory answer.  Neither could they find a satisfactory answer to the question of, "How can the Creator, being all-just, and being all-powerful, then allow any evil act to occur?"  In short, why does the Creator seemingly not "police up our perceived imperfections in the creation?"  In short, theologians struggled with a formidable problem of how to justify the Creator's continued tolerance of evil, even for a moment.

There is no satisfactory answer to such questions, of course, in 3-law Aristotelian logic, because they are four-law logic situations.  However, since the 3-logic is incomplete, one should examine the question in 4-law logic, and also in light of one's assumptions regarding the existence of the Creator.  The question is unresolvable in 3-law logic and with the assumption of a Creator traveling through time, as we perceive ourselves to do.  However, if time itself is a creation, then the axiomized Creator may be more properly axiomized as existing both in and outside time, and "everywhere in time at once" as well.  The unlimited Creator must even be postulated to be able to "both be and not be simultaneously; if He cannot do that little trick, He has a limit."  That trick must be allowed, else the Creator has a limit and is thus imperfect.  But to such an axiomized Creator "permeating time everywhere at once, from beginning to end, which shall be the "beginning" and which shall be the "end?"  And if we pick a beginning and an end, what shall be the "intermediate ordering" that we pick?   There is no absolute position in either space or time to the "everywhere and everywhen at once" axiomized Creator.

The problem of good and evil then becomes a similar problem to the "wave or particle" question.  Good and evil are two sides of the same coin, transposed one into the other by time-reversal.   With respect to finite creatures perceiving themselves moving forward in time, not existing in the future and not existing in the past, the question merely demonstrates that our perception itself is in error.

It may be, then, that there is a solution (whether one prefers it or not!) to such profound and ancient philosophical and theological problems in four-law or five-law logic.  However, we will leave that question to the logicians and to the theologians to more properly decide.

EXCESS COLLECTED ENERGY

Collection by an interceptor/collector of a greater fraction of the EM energy flow impinging upon it, than is normal.

Any static electric or magnetic charge, e.g., with an EM energy density flow impinging upon it, has excess "energy collection" or "energy collecting" upon it, due to the altered vacuum virtual photon flux that is now exchanging with it. In a nominal electric circuit, e.g., a single "pass" of the EM energy flow from the source dipole, along the circuit conductors and across the conduction electrons, causes an "excess energy collection" upon the intercepting surface charges in the conductors.  This potentializes the Drude electrons in the circuit and leads to subsequent dissipation in the loads (and losses) of about 10^-13 of the EM nondiverged  Heaviside energy flow that actually was extracted by the source dipole from the vacuum and sent down through space surrounding the conductors of the external circuit.

That is a single-pass energy collection fraction for a static charge. Almost all the Heaviside energy flow missed the circuit and passed on beyond the circuit "collectors" in one pass-by at essentially the speed of light, on out into deep space and beyond. On the other hand, if the already-passed EM energy flow is retroreflected, so that it returns for another pass along the circuit, then an additional amount of the repassing energy can be collected by those sluggish electrons.  In a nominal circuit being used as an example, the electrons travel only about 5 or 6 inches per hour longitudinally down the conductors, restrained by the repulsion of the electrons beyond them. So multiretroreflection, multipass, multicollection can be used to provide excess energy and overunity efficiency. This is a change to the present statement of the work-energy theorem, which up to now has assumed single pass, single energy collection. The well-known anti-Stokes emission from certain highly scattering, optically active media, e.g., produces more energy radiating back out of the media than the amount of stimulating radiation energy input into the media.  This is Letokhov's "negative absorption of the medium", which is really the excess emission from the medium due to retroreflection and multiple re-collections.

Also, if the intercepting charge is resonated, it sweeps out a greater geometrical cross section in the streaming energy flow, thereby diverging more and thus "collecting" more energy.  In the Bohren experiment, e.g., this effect yields collection of some 18 times as much energy by the resonant charge as the same charge collects in static mode.

EXOTHERMIC

Giving off heat, or emitting scattered EM energy.  Producing forward time energy.

FARADAY, MICHAEL

Noted English physicist and chemist, 1791-1867, who discovered field theory and electromagnetic induction.  Faraday invented the dynamo also and formulated his laws of electrolysis. 

His work directly inspired Maxwell, who vowed to study no other electromagnetics theory until he had captured Faraday's work in a mathematical theory.

FIELD

In mathematics, a set with two binary operations.  In electromagnetics in more common terms, it is a region consisting of magnitudes and/or vector directions assigned to some active entity (spacetime itself) at each point in the region.

Designated addition and multiplication, satisfying the conditions that the set is a commutative group with respect to addition, that the set with the identity of the additive group omitted is a commutative group with respect to multiplication, and that multiplication distributes over addition for all elements in the set.

For our purposes, in plain language the fundamental notion is that a "field" is a sort of cleared, level space or region (e.g., in spacetime) where things can be placed and actions can occur amongst them, to them, on them, and of them. What the "place or space" is, can get a bit complicated, as can what is placed there and what actions are permitted.  In short, we view a field as an altered (curved) region in spacetime, and this special curvature interacts with certain kinds of entities placed in that region.  In return, those entities also interact back upon the spacetime curvature to alter it.  Hence there is a dynamic two-way interaction between field and matter, where half of this interaction (the back-interaction of charge or matter) is missing from present classical electrodynamics.

EXOTHERMIC EXPLOSION

An explosion where ordinary heat and electromagnetic energy are released and radiate away from the explosive site.  All normal explosions are exothermic. 

Particularly used for a pulsed longitudinal EM wave interferometer, which in the distant interference zone (IZ) will produce a sudden eruption of scattering EM energy from the local spacetime curvature suddenly induced, when the interferometry transmitter chassis grounds are biased well above the ambient potential in the distant IZ.

FERMI LIQUID

A liquid where the individual particles or molecules comprising it are basically non-interacting, so that they can roam freely.

In an electron gas in a conductor, e.g., treatment of the free conduction electrons as a gas allows a theoretical modeling and explanation of conduction and resistance.  Contrast to a Luttinger liquid, where the electrons interact with each other and thus enable the formation of collective phenomena.

FEYNMAN, RICHARD

Noted physicist, Nobelist, and co-developer of quantum electrodynamics.

Feynman is particularly noted for his refreshing three volumes of physics:  See Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, New York, 1963.  The book is particularly noteworthy in that it gives the student some insight into foundations problems in physics.  E.g., in Vol. I on  p. 2-4, Feynman defines the electric field not in terms of force per unit charge per se, but in terms of its potentiality for producing a force only when a charge is present for the force to be developed upon.

FEYNMAN DIAGRAM

A two-dimensional diagram of particle interactions, both in the virtual and observable levels, and both backward and forward in time and named after Richard Feynman who first employed them.

FIBER FUSE

Effect in fibers or fiber optic cable, whose core contains germanium, whereby heating the cable at one spot with a small flame will launch a focused traveling heat energy effect which melts a small hole in the core about every centimeter, and marches down the cable at about a meter per second to the end of the cable, destroying the optical transmission capability and ruining the cable.

Oddly, by igniting the fiber fuse from the other end of the damaged cable, a reverse fiber fuse effect will often march back down the cable in similar fashion except that it fills in the melted holes in the core, restoring the transmission capability of the cable.

If the energy required to melt all the holes (or fill them again) is taken into account, the amount of energy required to launch the fiber fuse is much less.  This phenomenon does not appear to have an adequate technical explanation at present.

For an excellent description with photographs, see Ivars Peterson, “Fibers With Flare,” Science News, 140(13), Sep. 28, 1991, p. 200-201.  For technical information and analysis, see D. P. Hand and P. St. J. Russell, “Solitary thermal shock-waves and optical damage in optical fibers,” IEE Colloquium on ‘Non-Linear Optical Waveguides’,” IEE Digest No. 88, London, England, 1988, p. 101-103; — Soliton-like thermal shock-waves in optical fibres: origin of periodic damage tracks," Fourteenth European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC 1988), Sep. 11-15, 1988, Publication No. 292, 1(2), 1988, p. 111-114; — “Solitary thermal shock waves and optical damage in optical fibers: the fiber fuse,” Optics Letters, 13(9), Sep. 1988, p. 767-769;  D. P. Hand and T. A. Birks, “Single-mode tapers as ‘fibre fuse’ damage circuit-breakers,” Electronics Letters, 25(1), Jan. 5, 1989, p. 33-34.

See P. St. J. Russell, “Power Conservation and Field Structures in Uniform Dielectric Gratings,” Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 1(3), Mar. 3, 1984, p. 293-299.  Russell is actually referring to apparent violation of local conservation of energy.  This would be indicated if the vacuum-to-mass interaction is not taken into account.  Russell’s analysis therefore supports the fact that (i) the vacuum-mass interaction is required, (ii) the fiber fuse does utilize some of its gated vacuum energy (i.e., the usually non-diverged portion of the Poynting flow), and (iii) the fiber fuse is a legitimate, repeatable overunity process, although a "runaway" process, uncontrolled, and not sustainable.

FIELD

In physics, "a region of space marked by a physical property, as gravitational or electromagnetic force or fluid pressure, having a determinable value at every point in the region."

[Thanks to Webster's II New Riverside University Dictionary.]

Here one must not think of "space" as emptiness, as mathematicians do, but as a virtual particle flux, a dynamic entity, and as dynamic spacetime. A field then is a set of entities and their relationships and operations in a region of that kind of space, where the entities and operations are themselves "space stuff". They are all "virtual" in that they are not individually observable. However, their impact upon or interaction with mass—particularly charged mass—can be and often is observable, in that we can see some change of the mass (its direction of travel, translation, acceleration, deceleration, rotation, generation of current, etc.). If the entities are point-like and are naively supposed to have magnitude only, or if we only specify their energy density magnitude at each point, then that "marked space region" is said to be a scalar field. If the entities are point-like but have both magnitude and direction, they are said to be a vector field.

Further the deponent saith not because even the foundations physicists are in hot water in trying to define the field, and if the deponent saith more he will surely deep-fry in hot oil!

FIELD, SCALAR

A field, to any point of which is assigned a magnitude only.

FIELD, VECTOR

A field, to any point of which is assigned both a magnitude and a direction.

FLAT (UNCURVED) SPACETIME

A vacuum/spacetime whose virtual particle flux intensity—and therefore its local energy density—does not change as a function of spatial position or averaged time.

That is, a flat spacetime in my view is a quantum mechanical vacuum whose virtual particle flux and energy density are constant in magnitude and internal constitution with respect to spatial position and in averaged time. Note that a flat spacetime (vacuum potential) can still contain vacuum engines, and thus still be dimensioned. In that case, contrary to normal physics, the flat spacetime itself will still interact with an embedded object and change it, even though it may not translate it. To perform transmutation of elements, e.g., one is interested in just such engines and not in translating through space the element being treated.  This dimensioning or activation of the local flat spacetime can result in an otherwise unexpected, seeming violation of one or more laws of nature in the dimensioned region.

FISSIONING, ACTION

The splitting of the action quantum into two canonical variables (for example, energy and time), only one of which can normally be completely detected or measured.  ("Action" has the dimensions of angular momentum—energy x time, momentum x length, etc.)

Fissioning produces length, discrete bit by discrete bit, and time likewise.  The physical reality of separated physical objects is thus continually created, discrete bit by discrete bit, monocularly.  All that ever observably exists in the "present" is a single quantum change, just occurring.  Recombining of the two canonical action fission fragments is called "fusion."  Fusion also occurs monocularly, quantum by quantum.  Rigorously, the physical world of separated objects never exists as such except in memory recall of vast numbers of past ordered quantum changes that occurred one by one.

FLUX

The amount of some quantity (such as energy, particles, volume of fluid, etc.) flowing across a given area (usually a unit area perpendicular to the flow) per unit of time.

The term flux density is now more commonly used. Loosely, "flux" refers to the perpendicular flow through an area, while "flux density" refers to the magnitude or intensity (rate) of the flux. In some cases such as a flux of particles of different velocities, the number of particles may be multiplied by the average velocity to give an average flux density that is weighted.

FLUX DENSITY

The amount of some quantity (such as energy, particles, volume of fluid, etc.) flowing across a given area (usually a unit area perpendicular to the flow) per unit of time.

FOGAL, WILLIAM (BILL)

Soon-to-be-noted researcher and inventor of the Fogal semiconductor (two patents so far), as well as a superluminal infolding-outfolding communication system and other remarkable longitudinal EM wave processes.

I am happy to be a friend and colleague of Bill Fogal.

FOGAL SEMICONDUCTOR

A special semiconductor invented by Bill Fogal which, in its operational regime, utilizes an integrated semiconductor, tantalum capacitor, and feedback resistor to accomplish charge blocking (blocking of electron current flow dq/dt) while passing displacement current d/dt

The Fogal semiconductor can also accomplish amplified phase conjugation of signals as well as infolding (translation of input transverse EM waves to output longitudinal EM waves) and outfolding (translation of received input longitudinal EM waves to output transverse EM waves).  Used in communication systems, it opens the use of the unlimited "infolded" electromagnetics bandwidth.  Since it may communicate using longitudinal EM waves, it is also usable for superluminal or a specialized "tunneling" communication through the "interior" of normal EM waves, potentials, and fields.

See William J. Fogal, "High Gain, Low distortion, Faster Switching Transistor," U.S. Patent No. 5,196,809, Mar. 23, 1993; — "High Gain, Low Distortion, Faster Switching Transistor," U.S. Patent No. 5,430,413, July 4, 1995, a continuation of his earlier patent.

FORCE

In mechanics, identically the time derivative of momentum, or F º d/dt(mv).

Simply, changing of the old concept of mass-motion. One must realize that it is not the mass in motion, but the single undivided quantity "mass-motion" or "mass-velocity" (momentum) that is changed. In short, F º d/dt(mv).  In present EM theory, force fields are erroneously taken to exist in empty, massless vacuum. However, the mechanical definition is an identity, not an equality. Thus force does not separately exist in contact with a mass, but consists of a changing "mass-motion." Since this force can be induced into and of the mass-motion target at a distance, in the new approach one is confronted with the fact that there is a more fundamental mechanism that produces force itself, and that is a curvature of spacetime.

Distant curvatures of spacetime to produce forces on exposed charged mass systems are also engineered by longitudinal EM wave interferometry.

FORCE FIELD

An effect that exists as a local vacuum virtual particle flux interaction upon and with a unit mass or unit charge whereby a particular type of matter is affected.

The force field has two components, one the mass and the other massless. In electrodynamics, one normally thinks (erroneously!) of the massless component, and refers to that component alone as "the force field." This considers the "force field" as a separate entity, acting upon a separate "mass." Whether it is logically correct or not, that is the prevailing way physics and electrodynamics uses it! So in this definition, let us momentarily accept the common incorrect usage, for convenience, while pointing out the real definition as we need to.

For example, conventionally the EM force fields can affect and change the state of motion of any charged particle or any magnetic particle. In classical physics, the force fields are considered the primary causative agents; when these fields are zero, then the motion of the particle or system is unaffected. Consequently, conventional EM theory assumes that all the EM phenomenology ceases once the force fields are absent. Today we know that is not true at all, as we explain in this glossary.

FORCE-FREE PROPAGATION

Propagation of force-free disturbances in the vacuum flux

(i.e., infolded inside the ambient vacuum potential, or inside a constant DC voltage.) Such "infolded" propagation is not limited to the speed of light, but may even travel in the Coulomb gauge so that it is instantaneous. More usually, it can travel superluminally.  It may be regarded as a special form of "tunneling", which is known (both theoretically and experimentally) to produce superluminal propagation to the external observer.  The music of Beethoven's 40th symphony, e.g., has been experimentally transferred between two points in a physical waveguide by such "quantum tunneling" at over four times the speed of light in vacuum.

We regard tunneling as moving in a sort of "subspace", i.e., within the internal structuring of spacetime itself.  It is not limited by the speed of light and Einstein's postulate, which we believe only applies to signals moving in spacetime in bulk, and not to signals moving within substructuring inside that spacetime.

FOUNDATIONS OF MATHEMATICS

The concepts, operations, assumptions, postulates, logic, definitions, and axioms of algebra systems.

FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICS

The postulates, assumptions, concepts, and definitions upon which a scientific physics model rests.  Included are the postulates, concepts, assumptions, definitions, and operations of the mathematics in which the scientific model is expressed, as well as the postulates, concepts, assumptions, definitions, and operations of the physics entities and functions assigned to the mathematical symbols.

Thus "scientific truth"—even mathematical truth (see Morris Kline's Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty—is actually a qualified truth.  What is true in one model (one set of postulates, assumptions, concepts, and definitions, including those in the algebra) may not be always true when one or more of the postulates, assumptions, concepts, and definitions is/are changed, and/or when the topology of the mathematics in which the model is expressed is changed, etc. 

The major flaws in present physics models involve errors in the foundations.  However, a successful physics model is rather quickly dogmatized and often turned into a belief structure by many scientists rather than being regarded as a tentative model.  Consequently, scientists who attempt to do serious work in foundations are generally ignored or ostracized and rather vehemently attacked if they propose any significant changes to one of the dogmatized models.  Particularly, all funding and "benefits" of the scientific bureaucracy are denied the heretical foundations scientist, unless he or someone can rather quickly come forth with an iron-tight experimental proof of the heresy.  Any attempted change in foundations is usually met with ad hominem attack, a barrage of criticism, loss of position, and denial of research funding.  Science has a long history of just such dogmatic oppression of great scientific discoveries.  To name a few (there are hundreds):  The first laser paper was rejected by the journals as being ridiculous.  When Mayer proposed conservation of energy, he was hounded and ridiculed so fiercely that he suffered a nervous breakdown and attempted suicide.  Years later, near the end of his life conservation of energy was adopted because it greatly facilitated understanding and calculation, and the same system now lionized him as a scientific hero.  Ovshinsky suffered personal attack, ridicule, and charges of charlatanism in pushing amorphous semiconductors; everyone knew that only crystalline semiconductors could work. The situation changed when several thousand Xerox machines were observed to now contain amorphous semiconductors which were working just fine!   Louis de Broglie's matter wave hypothesis caused consternation to his thesis advisors; but because he was Prince Louis de Broglie, they felt obligated to send it to the great Einstein so that he would reject it and then they could regretfully reject the thesis of the Prince.  When Einstein replied that it was probably true, they felt they had no choice but to publish it because de Broglie was a Prince of the old French aristocracy, and as such was not to be casually trifled with.  So foundations work is fraught with the greatest peril to the practitioner.  Yet it is the most important work in physics, and it is a continuing black mark against the scientific establishment that they do not openly encourage and fund the most able physicists, grad students, and post-docs to examine and revise the errors in foundations concepts and postulates.  Because of the prevailing dogmatism, science itself continually strangles the new ideas and concepts that would provide the physics of the 22nd century now.  In an eerie turn of events, science has become in a strange way its own worst enemy, and the strongest barrier to the advance of science.

FOUR-SPACE (4-SPACE)

The "normal" spacetime used in physics, consisting of three spatial dimensions and one time dimension.  Minkowski spacetime.

FOURTH LAW OF LOGIC

the law that a thing and its opposite become identical on the boundary, i.e., in multiple simultaneous observation.  Identity is merely the loss of  observational or perceptual distinction; when formerly "two" objects are simultaneously observed by a single observer, two slides have been shown at once in the slide projector.  It does not matter at that point what each was individually observed to be before; now there is no observable distinction or difference.  We previously showed that the law is implicitly assumed in the three laws of Aristotelian logic anyway, and published a simple proof of the fourth law.  Without the fourth law, Aristotelian logic "eats itself".  What results in the four law logic is that either (1) the three laws apply explicitly and the fourth implicitly, or (2) the fourth law applies explicitly and the fourth implicitly.  This application rule itself can be taken as a fifth law of logic.  The fourth law is also the law of the paradox: I.e., when something is true but violates one or more of the Aristotelian laws, it is a case where the fourth law applies explicitly.  The conclusions derivable from a four law logic agree generally with the conclusions derivable from G Spencer Brown's Laws of Form.

FOUR-WAVE MIXING

A nonlinear multiwave mixing effect when four waves mix in a highly nonlinear situation so that wave to wave interaction occurs.

FRACTIONAL CHARGE

A hypothetical particle having a charge less than the electron's charge.  Often called a quark, where its charge is 1/3 or 2/3 the charge of the electron.

A few years ago, Stanford University researchers found evidence of free quarks.  There is also now the fractional Hall effect.  In the 1920's Ehrenhaft reported the discovery and production of fractional charges of all sizes, and his experiments have been replicated by Michailov, with papers by Michailov and Barrett.

In the new approach, when time-energy is utilized, quarks can be freed or nearly freed rather easily in "time-reversal zones".  It would appear that, as the new approach develops, free quarks will become a normal event rather than one intensely sought but terribly difficult to come by experimentally.

FRAME, LORENTZ

A frame of reference which is not accelerated with respect to the laboratory observer.

In this case, the frame may be rotated (moving at a constant velocity) but it is not rotating (the frame is not accelerated with respect to the observer, and spacetime is not curved).  In this case special relativity applies, as do the conservation laws.  If the local spacetime is curved, the frame is accelerated and spacetime is curved.  Locally, then, general relativity applies.  In this case, locally the conservation laws (energy, momentum, charge, and spin) can be violated.  However, in ordinary general relativity, it has been tacitly assumed that locally the curvature of spacetime is negligible.  Hence locally a Lorentz frame is assumed, and the conservation laws are assumed to apply locally also.  In scalar electromagnetics, the local spacetime is always curved and general relativity applies locally.  In this case, the conservation laws need not apply.

FRAME, REFERENCE)

A spatial, organized, measured lattice placed in "emptiness" (space, spacetime).

Normally refers to a 3-dimensional, spatial frame. All objects and points in the "universe" or spatial frame are considered to simultaneously coexist at separate, measured points in the frame. Differs from the vacuum in that, rigorously, vacuum has no existing definite lengths and no existing definite time intervals, as these appear only after measurement or detection, and are relative to the observer and to the interactions ongoing as well as in the detection process itself. The "laboratory frame" is the static reference frame of the observer or measurement. A separate reference frame may be assumed to exist for any fixed or moving object, or centered on any point in another frame. When a type of frame is assumed, the entire class of physical interactions that can occur has been restricted to an assumed set or type. In other words, given the frame, the conventional physics has been assumed. One of the greatest restrictions of an assumed "frame" is to rule out the consideration (existence) of other higher dimensions.

Note that, in the new unified field theory approach, the other higher dimensions are always available and cannot be ruled out in general, but only in some special case. Every curvature of spacetime, and any internal additional curvature to that primary curvature, adds a new dimension.  In our view, a spacetime may be "flat" in overall curvature, but consist of internally structured deterministic curvatures or "engines".  In this view, normal inertial frames, e.g., may still contain vacuum engines, which will not affect the normal bulk translation rules, but may affect any or all of the nontranslation mechanisms, including the very laws of nature in many cases.

FREE ENERGY

Excess energy freely received from its external active environment by an open system that is far from thermodynamic equilibrium in its exchange with that environment.

To use this free excess energy, it must be collected, transported to a load or loads with minimal losses, and then dissipated in the load(s) to power them, without any substantial portion of the free energy being used to close the system's "gate" through which the excess energy is input to it.

There is a separate thermodynamics for such open systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium in their active environmental exchange.  Such a system is permitted to exhibit five "magic" functions:  it is permitted to (1) self-order, (2) self-oscillate or self-rotate, (3) output more energy than the operator himself inputs (the excess energy is freely received from the active environment, (4) power itself and its load simultaneously (all the energy is freely received from the active environment), and (5) exhibit negentropy.

The entropy of such a system cannot even be calculated.  Some useful references are: Ilya Prigogine with D. Kondepudi, Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, Wiley, Chichester, 1998; Ilya Prigogine,  The End of Certainty: Time, Chaos, and the New Laws of Nature, Free Press, New York, 1996, 1997; G. Nicolis and I. Prigogine, Exploring Complexity, Piper, Munich, 1987; Gregoire Nicolis, "Physics of far-from-equilibrium systems and self-organization," Chapter 11 in Paul Davies, Ed., The New Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989, p. 316-347.

FREE ENERGY SYSTEM

Any open system not in thermodynamic equilibrium, which freely receives excess energy from an external source,

...and collects and utilizes this free excess energy to freely power external loads, so that a permissible system COP>1.0 is achieved, as allowed by the nonlinear thermodynamics of open systems in disequilibrium with their environment.

Implicit in the notion of free electromagnetic energy systems are six key concepts: (1) the local vacuum/spacetime is known to be filled with hidden (i.e., virtual) energy in violent motion, i.e., the local vacuum/spacetime is a violent virtual energy flux and therefore a scalar potential, (2) a broken symmetry—i.e., some sort of organizing and gating mechanism, such as the common dipole—in this hidden (virtual) energy flux of the vacuum is utilized as a source, to cohere the virtual energy and divert it as energy flow S = E´H, from the broken symmetry initiation point onto the external circuits or load parts of a device, (3) the coherent gated extra virtual energy flow available in the external circuits or load parts couples to (interacts with) the mobile charges in those circuits or load parts, so that gradients developed in the interacting virtual flux form force fields on and of the particle masses, driving the mobile charges along the circuit and through current-impeding circuit components such as loads, (4) in the interaction of the driven charges with the driving virtual energy flux, their spin and erratic motions integrate a tiny "coupling fraction" of the driving virtual energy into observable (i.e., macroscopic field) energy, thus creating the E-fields and B-fields, (5) the current-impeding external components or load parts scatter or dissipate the coherence of the driven charges, and thereby dissipate the collected energy or change the form of the collected field energy, thereby producing useful work, and (6) little or none of the excess collected energy in the circuit is split off and dissipated in the gate (asymmetry component serving as the S-flow source) to destroy the gate and thereby destroy its asymmetry in the vacuum flux, which is what is extracting and producing the free energy flow.

FUSION, ACTION

In the new approach, the recombining of two canonical bits of a fissioned action quantum.

The fusion process "cancels" the bits produced by the fission process, and constitutes a negative spacetime operation.  The physical world is thus eliminated, bit by bit, in a monocular fusion operation that produces the "past".  The "mass" of a particle is taken to be proportional to, and identically comprised of, the absolute value of its fission and fusion rate.  When fission and fusion rates of a particle are equal, the particle is unaccelerated; when unequal, the particle is accelerated.  Vice versa, when the particle is unaccelerated, the fission and fusion rates are equal, and when the particle is accelerated, the fission and fusion rates are unequal.

GAIA HYPOTHESIS

The hypothesis by Lovelock that the earth and its biosphere is a living thing, at least in some sense. 

In the new viewpoint, there exists a biospheric quantum potential which contains an extended mind and therefore is indeed an extended lifeform—one which includes the earth and the quantum potentia all its creatures and species.  In the new sense, even so-called "inert" matter is alive, being continually bathed by energy flow dimensioned with lifeform templates, and therefore equally alive in all directions and nonpreferential.

GATE

Refers to something (a component or function) which extracts some part of a flux or flow, compacting it into a stream, and "sending it out."

A moving board wall or gate may be swung into a river, e.g., to divert or "gate" some of the river's flow out into a sluice ditch and on to a waterwheel powering a mill. Similarly, a dipole extracts some of the energy from the vacuum virtual photon flux exchange with the end charges of the dipole, and "gates" (diverts) the extracted portion of energy out from the ends of the dipole as energy flows. This creates the scalar potential surrounding each charge, and also the E-fields. Even a "static" dipole does this "gating" of vacuum energy into an energy flow.

The fundamental gate for all EM energy in 3-space is the dipole or dipolarity.  The source of the 3-space EM energy continuously emitted by any charge or dipole is an equal inflow of EM energy from the complex plane (from the time domain).  Thus EM energy flow is conserved in 4 dimensions but not in 3-space.  In particle physics, it is well-known that any dipole or charge is such a broken 3-symmetry in its fierce vacuum energy flux exchange.  However, particle physics considers the input energy to be virtual particle energy from the vacuum and therefore random energy.  Whittaker 1903 shows it is actually from the time domain of spacetime (from the complex plane) and the input energy flow from the vacuum is not random but precisely organized in a harmonic set of longitudinal EM phase conjugate waves.  Of course by wave-particle duality we simply consider the two pictures to be just different and permitted models of the same thing.

GATING EFFECT

The effect of extracting part of a flux or flow, compacting it into a useful stream, and "sending it out."

See gate.

GAUGE

In electromagnetism, usually considered a possible choice for (change of) electric scalar potential and magnetic vector potential, without any net change of force fields so that the change satisfies Maxwell's equations.

Interestingly, gauge field theory includes the axiom of gauge freedom.  In EM systems, this means that one is free to "regauge" or change the potential energy of the system freely and at any time, so long as the change results in a static stress potential energy change.  In the real world, one may have to pay a little bit for switching.  But essentially physics already assumes that one can cause his EM system to take on excess potential energy at will, so long as it is a stress potential energy change only.

In short, only the symmetrical regauging case has been considered in electrodynamics.  Yet every electrical power system must first potentialize the system asymmetrically rather than symmetrically.  In the theoretically perfect system, this asymmetrical regauging is done freely.  Hence every electrical power system first breaks gauge symmetry, in order to take on extra energy so that it can do work.  Further, the source of the potential energy flowing into the asymmetrically regauged electrical system so freely, comes from the source dipole's extraction of EM energy from the time-domain (complex plane) due to its broken 3-symmetry in EM energy flow.

So the highest "gauge" principle is that energy can be freely extracted from the vacuum, anywhere and at any time, freely and easily, by making a dipolarity—which changes a single potential and asymmetrically regauges the system.

It follows that one is in theory free to "dissipate" this excess free energy in external loads to power them.  Again, in the real world one may have to pay some switching costs, but that can be minimized by efficient switching.  However, since no conventional electrical power system accomplishes this free powering of its loads, it rigorously follows that the conventional system must self-enforce symmetry in its discharge of the free potential energy achieved by the initial asymmetrical regauging.

Thus, if we believe gauge field theory—the most modern of physics theories and in many ways the most useful—and also believe its assumption of free asymmetrical regauging that is hidden in its gauge freedom principle, then COP>1.0 electrical power systems are absolutely permitted by nature and by gauge field theory where asymmetrical regauging is deliberately used.

It follows that some feature in electrical power systems as we presently design and build them, must be preventing these systems from exhibiting overunity COP.  And so it is.  The ubiquitous closed current loop circuit results in the circuit forcibly and symmetrically regauging itself while dissipating its excitation energy to power its loads and losses.  This forces half the collected regauging (free) energy to be dissipated in the external circuit's loads and losses, and half of it to be dissipated in the source dipole to scatter the charges and destroy the dipole.  This means that less than half the available free regauging energy is used to power the load, while half is used to destroy the entity—the source dipole—actually furnishing the free regauging energy from the vacuum.

Hence all our present electrical power systems are inherently free energy systems freely extracting their energy from the vacuum, but are fiendishly designed so that they kill themselves (shut off all free asymmetric regauging energy from the vacuum, by destroying the source dipole) faster than they catch some of the free energy from the vacuum to power their loads. 

To restore the source dipole requires at least as much energy dissipation as was done to destroy it.  In our conventional self-destructive systems, the generator shaft must thus be continuously powered in order to form the magnetic field inside the generator, so that this magnetic field can then dissipate its available energy to force the scattered charges back apart to form an ordered source dipole.

We pay the power company to have a giant wrestling match inside its own generators and lose.  And in a sense, we do it because our theoreticians love gauge symmetry more than they tolerate broken gauge symmetry.  So they build lovely, symmetry-restoring electrical power systems—and monstrously mangle and destroy the fragile biosphere in the process.

GAUGE FREEDOM

The axiom in gauge theory that one can freely change the potentials of an EM system, so long as the net new forces resulting from the change will sum to a zero vector resultant so that the system remains "symmetrical" in its force-field functioning with respect to the system prior to the change of potentials.

Gauge and gauge freedom are actually formal restrictions of an even more important asymmetrical regauging principle: a potential in a system can be freely changed at any time, thus freely changing the potential energy of the system freely and at will.  Symmetrical regauging is achieved only by multiple application of this asymmetry rule to provide a net symmetry condition again, with a change in locked-in stress potential energy of the system.

GAUGE SYMMETRY

Abstract mathematical symmetry of a field, that relates to the freedom to regauge (change the value of ) potentials, without affecting the values of the field quantities.

In short, the higher principle that the potentials can be changed freely and at will—and hence the potential energy  of the regauged system can be changed freely and at will—is arbitrarily restricted to a very special case:  Each change of potential involves the appearance of an new free force field.  This asymmetrical change can be made freely and at will, at any time.  However, the notion of gauge symmetry restricts any set of such changes to the special case where the new free force fields produced must sum to a net zero force field of opposing forces.  In short, it severely restricts the freedom to change the potentials—to the special case where the resulting change of the system's potential energy must remain a static stress potential energy condition.  Note that this arbitrarily eliminates any overunity functioning of the regauged system in which the altered potential(s) and altered system potential energy exist(s).  See the discussions of gauge and gauge freedom, above.

GAUGE THEORY

A field theory using a field that has one or more gauge symmetries.

Note the accent on gauge symmetry and the net symmetrical regauging restriction.  This restriction is a carry-forward of the old notion that the potentials are not primary, but the fields are primary causes of all EM phenomena.

For the overunity researcher, broken gauge symmetry is the interesting feature which must avidly be sought in his experimental systems.  Hence he must seek out and familiarize himself with a wide variety of broken symmetry effects and phenomenology.  He must also rigorously analyze his circuits with a keen view to where gauge symmetry can be broken, where and how gauge symmetry is automatically restored during excitation discharge, etc.  Unless the automatic self-enforcing of symmetrical gauge transformation during excitation discharge is violated, no EM system can produce COP>1.0.  In addition, without elaboration, the overunity researcher must also learn to consider the time-domain functions of the circuit, and particularly the giant negentropy of the common dipole.  Unless he understands that all EM energy comes from the vacuum and from the complex plane via the broken 3-symmetry of a dipolarity, he cannot understand his own circuits.

Electromagnetics was the first gauge theory.  Gauge theory is widely utilized today, and particularly in particle physics.  In overunity power systems, the system must exhibit a broken gauge symmetry at least twice: (1) in initially potentializing the system to freely increase its potential energy, thus exciting the system so that it has energy with which to do work, and (2) then discharging this free excitation energy in the load without simultaneously destroying the source dipole providing the continual potentializing.

The conventional COP<1.0 electrical power system restores net 3-space symmetry by continually destroying the "free asymmetrical regauging" component: the source dipole, and using more of the energy freely received from the vacuum via dipole asymmetry to destroy the dipole than is used to power the load.  This requires that at least as much 3-space energy be input to the system again, to restore the dipole and thus potentialize the external circuit, as was used to destroy the dipole.  Hence as much 3-space energy has to be input as is dissipated in all the loads and losses, including inside the generator.  For that reason, our scientists and engineers unwittingly but deliberately design and build only COP<1.0 systems.

Without elaboration, we also accent that spacetime curvature is always involved in an overunity EM power system, and the tempic (time) potential of the output end of an overunity system differs from the tempic potential of the input end, so that the gradient (the tempic force) is directed from output to input—exactly the reversal of the case for a COP<1.0 power system.

GAUGE TRANSFORMATION (IN ELECTROMAGNETICS)

In EM, gauge transformation is conventionally taken to be the addition of the gradient of some function of space and time to the magnetic vector potential—and simultaneously the addition of the negative of the partial derivative of the same function with respect to time, divided by the speed of light, to the electric scalar potential.

This procedure gives different potentials but leaves the electric and magnetic fields unchanged.  It restricts gauge transformations to net symmetrical transformations.  However, the increase or decrease in potential energy of the system, due to changing the potentials, results in a change in the stress of the system and a change in its stress energy.  This is because two new antiparallel forces are created, which change the stress of the system.

In essence, gauge symmetry then involves the implicit assumption that a functioning system is the same regardless of how it is stressed, and regardless of the state of its stress energy.  We point out that, gravitationally, this is not true since any change in the local potential energy of the system is a spacetime curvature change, hence a gravitational change.

GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

Einstein's theory of gravity in which the gravitational force is represented by a curvature in spacetime.

GIANT NEGENTROPY (OF THE DIPOLE)

The receipt from the time domain of spacetime (the vacuum), by any dipolarity, of enormous longitudinal EM wave energy flow, transduction of that absorbed energy from the complex plane into real 3-space, and emission of that enormous energy flow in all directions in 3-space, automatically and indefinitely after a little energy has been expended to separate the charges and make the dipole.  The EM waves in the input from the time domain and the output in 3-space are perfectly ordered and correlated, which is a giant ordering of the vacuum/spacetime and is thus a giant negentropy.

In circuits, the source dipole in the generator or battery, once made, performs this function.  Only a minuscule fraction (some 10^-13) of the energy pouring out of the generator's or battery's terminals strikes the surface charges of that attached external circuit and is diverged into the conductors to power the Drude electrons and the circuit.  All the rest is just wasted.

See my paper, "Giant Negentropy from the Common Dipole," ibid.

GRAVITON

The quantum (smallest piece) of the gravitational field, with spin 2.

In the quantum theory of general relativity, the graviton is massless and has spin 2. In the new approach, a graviton is considered to be a paired (coupled) photon and antiphoton, each of which has spin one, so that the graviton couplet has spin 2. A scalar potential is comprised of gravitons, not merely photons, since it can be decomposed into a harmonic series of bidirectional wavepairs. In each wavepair, a wave and its antiwave precisely superpose. We insist on a further strong condition: that in the biwave, the photons comprising the wave and the antiphotons comprising the antiwave also must obey the distortion correction theorem. This means that the antiphotons and photons are passing through each other in opposite directions, continually coupling into gravitons and decoupling again.

GRAVITY

The phenomenon characterized by the physical attraction of any two material bodies.

Actually, in modern general relativity it is the trapped energy in the masses that produce the gravity potentials. Ideally, the gravitational force between two masses is proportional to the product of the masses divided by the square of the distance between them. In the new approach, one recognizes that mass itself is defined in terms of, and identically consists of, the time derivative of an action flux. [For a force-free fundamental definition of mass, see T.E. Bearden, Quiton/Perceptron Physics: A Theory of Existence, Perception, and Physical Phenomena, National Technical Information System, Report AD-763210, 1973.] A photon flux is also an action flux. A virtual photon flux is an action flux. So the vacuum consists of a gigantic action flux—which with certain interactions forms mass itself. But since photons are action quanta and photon flux is action flux, and since mass and gravitation are functions imposed on such action flux; then mass, EM, and gravitation become different aspects of the same thing. All of them can be electromagnetically engineered, directly, as indeed can be the flow of time itself. By affecting the flow of time electromagnetically, one is thus able to affect the gravitational force between two objects electromagnetically. Antigravity, for example, can be achieved by a mechanism that is given in this glossary. Hutchinson has demonstrated the levitation of objects weighing up to 60 lbs., albeit sporadically and uncontrollably. At my urgent request, Sweet performed a highly successful antigravity experiment some years ago, reducing the weight of a 6-pound object by 90%, smoothly and controllably, in several smoothly controlled steps. I consider that the experiment tested and validated my approach to an engineerable mechanism for antigravity. For the results of the test, see Floyd Sweet and T.E. Bearden, "Utilizing Scalar Electromagnetics to Tap Vacuum Energy," Proceedings of the 26th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC '91), Boston, Massachusetts, 1991, p. 370-375.

GROSS PARTICLE TRANSLATION

Refers to translating the entire particle in space, rather than internally structuring the particle's potential (massless charge).

GROSS POTENTIAL GRADIENT FIELDS

The usual gradient in a scalar potential's gross magnitude, as in -Ñf .

GYROELECTRONS

Spinning electrons considered as gyroscopes, so that when longitudinally perturbed they can and will laterally precess.

Considering (in a gross first order model) the conduction electrons in the Drude gas in a conductor as little gyros, because they are (i) spinning on an axis, (ii) severely restrained in their ability to move forward longitudinally down the conductor as current, and (iii) much more free to precess laterally in the conductor. Thus when the gyroelectrons in the receiving wire antenna, perturbed by an incoming longitudinal EM wave in the vacuum, are longitudinally perturbed, they precess laterally so that our instruments (which detect electron wiggles, not the incoming vacuum EM wave) do detect "transverse waves." However, they are detecting the transverse gyroelectron precession waves. The old electrodynamicists, long before the electron or the atom was discovered, simply envisioned the incoming EM wave as "waves in the thin material fluid ether" which were "intercepted" as electric fluid waves in the antenna. Hence since their instruments reported that the intercepted "electric fluid" was vibrating transversely, they firmly believed (erroneously) that this proved the ether wave to be transverse also, just as those "taut string waves" that Maxwell and Faraday had believed in. That is the total raison d'etre behind the mistaken notion of the transverse EM wave in the vacuum ether!

HARMONIC SERIES

Consisting of a fundamental frequency, its first harmonic, its second harmonic, etc.

HEAVISIDE, OLIVER

Noted English self-taught physicist and brilliant electrodynamicist, 1850-1925, who played a role in discarding Maxwell's quaternions, and also played a role in forming vector mathematics and formulating the vector reduction of Maxwell's theory from 20 quaternion equations in some 20 unknowns to the present 4 vector equations.

What are presently taught as "Maxwell's equations" in university are actually Heaviside's equations.

Lorentz symmetrically regauged the Maxwell-Heaviside equations, again greatly simplifying their mathematical solution—and also unwittingly discarding all permissible overunity Maxwellian systems in the process.

HEAVISIDE ENERGY FLOW COMPONENT

(1)   The enormous nonintercepted and nondiverged energy flow component pouring out of the terminals of the battery or generator, and missing the external circuit entirely so that it is wasted.

(2)   The enormous energy in the EM field, potential, or wave that misses the interaction of the field, potential, or wave with the assumed unit point static electric charge.

(3)   See also discussion under Giant Negentropy.

HERACLITUS

To be added.

HERTZ, HEINRICH

Noted German physicist who together with Heaviside and others transformed Maxwell's theory from quaternion algebra to vector algebra, and who also produced EM waves, thus confirming Maxwell's theory.

HIDDEN BIWAVES

Those bidirectional EM wavepairs that comprise the scalar potential are indeed "hidden" with respect to our normal "electron translation" (i.e., electron wiggle) detectors and instruments.

HIDDEN VARIABLE THEORY

A class of quantum mechanical theories which considers that the quantum state of a physical system is not a complete specification after all. The "hidden variables" are those additional components necessary to provide the "complete state" of the system.

The hidden variables are those extra components of the theorized complete state, which are not contained in the quantum state. Bohm's hidden variables theory is the best known of all of these theories, and makes the same predictions as does the conventional quantum mechanics. In addition, it eliminates the terrible problem of the "missing chaos," eliminates the quantum measurement problem, and it suggests that quantum mechanics can be engineered if the hidden variables themselves can be engineered. In the new approach, one goes a step further by considering hidden EM variables infolded inside the potentials themselves, including inside the quantum potential utilized by Bohm. The advantage of this assumption is that it poses an engineerable interpretation, after work by Stoney, Whittaker, and Ziolkowski. Further, the Russians have utilized this type of EM hidden variable theory, along with the quantum potential, to develop secret advanced weapons. The physics of this area is called energetics.

HIERONYMUS, T. GALEN

Founder of the American version of radionics, who patented a radionics machine and process to start the cycle of radionics in this country.

HILBERT, DAVID

Noted German mathematician, 1862-1943, who did advanced work in geometry, theory of invariants, integral equations, and mathematical physicist.

Noted particularly for his development of Hilbert space.

HOLE (ELECTRON HOLE)

An unfilled vacancy in an ordering of electron energy levels, as in a lattice or in the Dirac Sea.

Electron energy levels have two energy states: (1) positive energy state, and (2) negative energy state.  The positive energy states are associated with the positions of normal energy electrons.  The negative energy states are almost all filled, and this is the Dirac sea. 

The absence of an electron from either energy state creates a particular kind of hole.  When an electron is absent from an electron positive energy state position in a lattice, that results in an excess of positive charge at that point vacated by the electron.   Note that when an electron then refills that hole (recombination occurs), the electron remains in a positive energy state, does not disappear,  and no radiation occurs.

When an electron is lifted from an electron negative energy state in the Dirac sea, that leaves behind a hole in the negative energy state in the Dirac sea.  When an electron subsequently refills that hole, it "falls" in and disappears, decaying to a lower energy level and emitting radiation due to the difference in the energy levels.

The difference between holes in the Dirac sea and holes in the electron positive energy levels in a lattice, are very different.  In short, they lead to two quite different kinds of "hole and electron" interactions.  In the lattice "hole-filling" (recombination), there is no excess radiation given off and the electron does not disappear from the positive energy continuum.  In the Dirac sea hole-filling, excess radiation is given off and the electron disappears from the positive energy continuum.

Under the influence of an electric field, a positive energy hole in a crystal lattice—where an electron has left and is therefore absent—will effectively propagate through the lattice as a positive charge, but usually much slower than the electron propagates in the opposite direction as an electron current.   The process is actually more complex and involves continuous interaction with the electrons and their physical distribution pattern and location.  The hole current is mathematically treated as a special positive charge current, often referred to as a positron current.  In a current-carrying conductor or semiconductor, one has a current of electrons traveling in one direction and simultaneously a current of holes (hole positrons) traveling in the opposite direction, but recombining.

As stated, in addition to lattice holes, there also can exist unfilled holes in the Dirac negative energy states comprising the vacuum, particularly when fields are present.  In this case, it is a negative energy hole.  A positive energy electron that falls into a Dirac sea hole will emit energy as it falls to that lower energy state.  To lift one of the electrons from the Dirac sea and leave a hole, energy must therefore be added to the negative energy electron in the Dirac hole.

When fields are present, Dirac holes may exist and may move as hole current in circuits under certain conditions.  The situation is complex; see Felix Finster, "Definition of the Dirac Sea in the Presence of External Fields," Adv. Theor. Math. Phys., Vol. 2, 1998, p. 963-985.  Updated copy (version 4) is on http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/hep-th/9705006.

When a free electron fills a positive energy hole in a lattice (positive electron energy state), this effectively disposes of both the hole and the free electron which is now a bound electron, and is called recombination.  The electron does not disappear.  In a material lattice, there is no energy radiation from this, just the disappearance of the hole and the "binding" of a free electron so that it is no longer free.

In visualizing positive hole currents, passing the hole current though a surplus of available electrons (as in a negative charge donor material) will result in "hole filling" and recombinations.  One may therefore speak of disposing of unwanted hole current by recombination, and in fact this is widely accomplished in semiconductors by controlling the doping.

HOLE CONDUCTION (LATTICE)

The movement of electron vacancies (holes) in a lattice continually left behind by hopping of the electrons as they break loose from their bonded positions and move freely in an electron current.

When an electron hops out of a lattice bond, it leaves behind a bonding gap or "hole" in the positive electron energy state at that bond site, so that an extra positive charge appears there at the hole.  As the electrons move in one direction in a conducting lattice, the holes move in the opposite direction in a "positive current", but at a much slower pace than the electron current moves.

HOLE CURRENT (LATTICE)

See hole conduction (lattice).

HOMEOPATHY

A system of medical treatment based on the theory that certain diseases can be cured by giving very small doses of substances which in a healthy person would produce symptoms like those of the disease. (Opposed to allopathy).

Homeopathy is based upon formation and use of dimensioned potentials (particularly the potential composed of the extremely rapid "making and breaking" hydrogen bonds in a fluid) containing vacuum engines. Any material or solute, and therefore any molecule, contains its own specific vacuum engine, its own charges, and its own dimensioned potential. Dissolving the material in water, or even using a suspension of it in water, allows the bonding potential in the water to interact with the potential of the solute or suspension. Potentials superpose, and they also diffuse and mix their inner structures (vacuum engines) into each other. So the material or solute diffuses its vacuum engines into the interior of the hydrogen bonding potential, in effect ordering and templating the hydrogen bonding itself! Vigorous shaking of the suspension or solution assures that all the fluid and H-bonding potential is exposed to the solute of suspended particles, so that a thorough exchange of vacuum engines occurs. This process in homeopathy is called potentizing. It's actually just creating the desired internal vacuum engines in the H-bonding potential of the water. Once that's done, there's really no further need for the solute or the suspended particles. By repeatedly diluting the solution to the extreme, then one can reach a point where there is a high probability that not a single molecule of the original solute is remaining in the fluid. Yet in each dilution, shaking can be used to insure the even spread of the vacuum engines through the newly introduced H-bonding potential in the newly introduced water. At the end, there exists an altered fluid whose H-bonding potential now contains the desired vacuum engines. Drinking that water now introduces those vacuum engines into the body fluids, bloodstream, etc. The ingested dilute new vacuum engines will then diffuse through the various potentials of the body, and produce altered chemical functioning of the kind that could have been induced by the chemical or active solute material. The advantage is that the harsh material residue of the chemical or solute is not present in the body, as it is when allopathy is utilized.

HYPERFUNCTIONING

Functioning in hyperspace as opposed to 4-dimensional Minkowski space.

Higher topological functioning.

HYPERSPACE

Refers to a space of more than four dimensions, and specifically to those spatial dimensions outside the normal three.

IDENTITY OF OPPOSITES

On the boundary, A and not-A are identical.  If all of a thing is collected, one reaches the boundary of that thing and it turns into its own opposite.

INERTIAL FRAME

A frame of reference in which force-free bodies move along straight lines, and the postulates of special relativity are valid.

In the new approach, this notion is extended; even in an inertial frame, force-free bodies may move along straight lines, the postulates of special relativity may remain valid, and yet the EM hidden variable may induce other changes in the usual laws of nature due to the action of hidden vacuum engines infolded in the dimensioned local spacetime (vacuum potential).

INFOLDED HIDDEN DYNAMICS

Refers to:

(i) Bohm's hidden variable theory and the internal dynamics of the hidden variables/entities themselves, and

(ii) to the hidden biwave pairs comprising a scalar potential, with the internal dynamics of those waves such as tuning off harmonic frequency, multiplication, variation of phasing and magnitude, etc.

Also, by Whittaker 1903 the scalar potential can be decomposed into the bidirectional wavepair set in harmonic series. By Whittaker 1904, each of the waves in a biwave pair can be further decomposed into two potentials, so each pair of waves would consist of four potentials. That is, the entire set of internal biwave pairs can be replaced by four times as many internal "partial potentials" as was the number of biwave pairs. Then Whittaker 1903 can be applied once again to break each one of those scalar potentials into new biwave pairs, and so forth and so forth. So the potential can be expressed as waves within waves within waves, or potentials within potentials within potentials, and so on. The neat thing is that each successive infolding (internesting) is a higher dimensional functioning and a higher topology. So one can build (with some little pain!) specific infolded wave patterns that will work in—say—the 7th dimension of hyperspace, or the eighth dimension, and so on. This is why I called the internal structuring of a potential (or the two potentials comprising an EM wave) dimensioning the potential or the wave. As a half-baked nuclear engineer whom the Army never let practice his discipline, I wanted some way to directly engineer the nucleus. That has now been found. Unfortunately it has also already been highly weaponized in secrecy by one or more foreign nations. In other words, one can design a signal and assemble it (with some difficulty) that will flip one quark in a nucleon in an atom. That way one can transmute an element either into the next higher element isomer or the next lower element isomer. Using a quantum potential to "transport" the necessary vacuum engines, the effect can be accomplished at a great distance, in multiple targets simultaneously, and the effect is not shieldable. "Jumps" in nuclear transmutation can also be accomplished. The migration of electrons to and from an atom (as in solution, e.g.) makes and negates ions continuously. Thus continually the external potentials and the nuclear potentials intercommunicate. This means that their vacuum engines continually diffuse. Any dimensioning of the external potentials will be passed into the nuclear potentials as a dimensioning action also. If certain conditioning vacuum engines are present in the external potentials, then the slow diffusion into the nuclear potentials begins to affect the nucleons and their interactions, the quarks comprising the nucleons, the particles such as pions continually exchanged between nucleons, etc. The mechanism for nuclear transmutations and production of new species is there! I believe, e.g., and am working to more clearly express, that the major mechanism producing the new nuclear species in cold fusion experiments just such dimensioned potentials, involving the inadvertent dimensioning of potentials comprised of the hydrogen bondings of the water and other factors.

INFOLDED REAL VECTOR COMPONENTS

Well, simply take a set of real force vectors that altogether sum to a vector zero resultant.

That "vector zero system" is a zero with respect to forced translation of a particle or mass. It is not an absence per se, but is the presence of specifically hidden and "infolded" real vectors. Two elephants pushing each other to a draw form such a "zero-translating" system. That "zero system" is quite different from two crickets pushing against each other to a draw! Anyone who thinks all zeros are "absences" and who thinks all zeros are equal, is invited to try standing between the crickets and observing how he feels, then standing between the elephants and see how he feels. The latter might be a real bummer. So zeros can differ! And a zero can be a presence of many real things, all still there but "infolded" and "hidden," but just the absence of any one and only one thing. Even in arithmetic, e.g., we are free to pull 5-3-2 right out of 0, or pull out 4-7+8-6-2+5+1+1-3-1/2-1/2 (if I got the arithmetic correct!). And so on. So we have always used the fact that a net zero can have a real internal composition, without detailing it exactly. We teach our schoolchildren to do it, but fail to tell them what they are doing!

When you sum EM force fields to zero, the fields are still there and real. You have altered the energy of the system or volume, and also the potential energy of the system or volume. And you have done it in specific directions, magnitudes, etc. along the "fingers" of the infolded patterns. In short, you have made a specific vacuum engine. Mass, fluid, nuclei, molecules, etc. exposed to that "conditioned vacuum potential" may well undergo physical and chemical and electrical changes. Golden once performed experiments which powerfully conditioned the local vacuum, and all clocks and watches (mechanical, electrical, etc.) in the local area were awry for four days.

INFOLDING

With reference to signals, infolding means "placing the signal or modulation or change upon one or more of the internal bidirectional wavepairs comprising the scalar potential.

Since all EM potentials ultimately represent changes to the ambient vacuum potential, one has conditioned or altered the vacuum itself when infolding is utilized. Infolding of EM signals, vectors, and directions produces vacuum engines. By Whittaker's principle and Bearden's corollary, these vacuum engines can be designed to affect matter—including atomic nuclei, nucleons, etc.—in any manner desired.

INFORMATION CONTENT OF THE FIELD

Russian euphemism for the structuring of the hidden longitudinal EM waves and their dynamics, that comprise any EM potential, field, or wave.

INFRASONIC

Below sonic.

Frequencies below what the ear can hear. Below about 20 Hertz.

INTERFEROMETER

An instrument in which a wave is split into two waves or beams, which after traveling over different paths are subsequently reunited and display interference.

INTERFEROMETRY

Measurement of wavelengths of light and very small distances and thicknesses,

...for determining indices of refraction, and for analyzing small parts of a spectrum by means of the interference phenomena of light.

INTERNAL SPACE

To be added.

ITERATED

Done repeatedly, like picking beans one at a time.

JOSEPHSON EFFECT

Flow of Cooper pairs (superconducting electron pairs) across a thin dielectric separating two superconducting electrons, in the absence of a voltage drop.

That is, the pair of electrons can "tunnel" through a thin insulating barrier.

JOSEPHSON JUNCTION

The thin dielectric separating two superconducting electrons, with subsequent Josephson tunneling of Cooper pairs.

JOSEPHSON TUNNELING

See Josephson effect.

JOULE

A measure of energy.

One joule equals one watt for one second. In physics the unit of work or energy in the MKS system, being the amount of work done by one newton acting through a distance of one meter, equal to 10,000,000 ergs.

JUNG, CARL GUSTOV

Noted Swiss psychiatrist and psychologist who founded Jungian analytical psychology, formulated the principle of synchronicity, and advanced and delineated collective unconscious mind.

From the content of his German patients, Jung predicted WW II two decades before it occurred.

KINDLING

Coherent integration (adding) of similar virtual components among the vast "noise" of dissimilar virtual components, so that the "signal-to-noise" ratio of the integrated signal steadily increases, and the integrated "observable signal" grows out of the background virtual state noise.

This "kindling" process is directly analogous to coherent integration of nondiscernible radar signals far beneath the received noise, to build and extract the real radar return signals from targets.  This sort of process dramatically increases the "sensitivity" of the radar.  Real, very tiny signals even 100 dB or more beneath the noise level can be retrieved in such fashion by modern radars.

Similar processes can integrate very minute signals already passed into the virtual state and presumed to be nonexistent.  Usually, however, the difference frequency between two frequencies at least one harmonic interval apart must be used, considering the vacuum's virtual flux state as an isotropic nonlinear medium.

One may also hypothesize that potentials and propagating signals may decrease with distance, but are never truly "lost" in that they never reach a total zero.  When they reach the quantum level, further decrease in amplitude simply results in their passing into the virtual state (subquantum level).

KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT-LAW

At any time, the sum of the instantaneous currents flowing into a node or point in a circuit equals the sum of the instantaneous currents flowing out of that node or point.

KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW

At any time, the sum of all voltage rises in a closed loop circuit equals the sum of all drops in that closed loop circuit.

LAMB, WILLIS EUGENE JR.

American physicist and Nobelian who discovered the hyperfine structure of the hydrogen spectrum, and first measured the interaction of the vacuum energy that generates a change in the energy levels of the hydrogen atom, according to Dirac's theory and quantum electrodynamics.

LAMB SHIFT

A very small correction to the first excited state of the hydrogen atom due to interaction of the vacuum.

Willis Lamb experimentally confirmed this prediction of quantum electrodynamics to high accuracy.

LAMELLAR CURRENT

Current in thin layers.

Thin layers of current. Thin sheets of current.

LASER

A device that generates light in which all the photons are exactly in step and produce a coherent beam.

Laser light has one wavelength and is more easily controlled than other kinds of light. Use of a laser to perform interferometry is one way to create holograms; use of a laser to illuminate a hologram is one way to read it. Originally the word "laser" was an acronym that stood for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation." Note that when TiO₂ particles in suspension, with a small amount of fluorescent dye added, are weakly illuminated by a small coherent light source (a laser), a tremendous room-filling output of coherent light emission occurs, by the anti-Stokes emission effect. This is lasing without population inversion, and it is a validated and easily testable overunity process. This is the process patented by Lawandy.

LASING WITHOUT INVERSION

The amplification of coherent light in an intensely scattering medium, comprised of  certain powdered laser crystals or suspensions of similar material, where a variety of phenomena such as gain narrowing and amplifying random walk of light propagating in the medium, combine to give laser emission with diffusive feedback.

Gain tends to depend on the volume of the medium, so that at a certain medium the gain in light amplification by the medium exceeds the losses, and the laser action results above this critical volume.  The intensity of the light scattering (multiply reflecting) in the medium then will increase rapidly  until an "explosion" of light results in an intense flash of coherent light in all directions from the medium volume.

If the excitation is still present, the process will be repeated and the energy density will again exceed the critical value, rapidly generating another intense flash of light.  This process can be repeated many times, given the presence of continued excitation.

A very interesting phenomena that can occur is coherent backscattering.  Here the light scatters over both a forward-time path and a time-reversed path, perhaps with each path consisting of more than 1,000 scatterings.  Because of time-reversal symmetry, the two waves (forward and backward) acquire exactly the same (though random!) phase.  So the two waves after all this 1,000 scatterings on their paths, meet and interfere constructively in the direction back toward the exciting light source.

In theory the mean free path can be made shorter and shorter, so that all the light would be trapped inside the medium.  This is called Anderson localization, and it has been reported in the literature; see D.S. Wiersma, P. Bartolini, A. Lagendiji, and R. Righini, "Localization of light in a disordered medium," Nature, Vol. 390, 1997, p. 671; John Sajeev, "Frozen light," ibid., p. 661-662.

This work grew out of original work called out by Letokhov but largely ignored for more than two decades.

References: D. Wiersma and A. Lagendijk, "Laser action in very white paint," Physics World, Jan. 1997, p. 33-37; — "Light diffusion with gain and random lasers," Physical Review E54, 1996, p. 4256; N.M. Lawandy et al., "Laser action in strongly scattering media," Nature, Vol. 368, 1994, p. 436; V.S. Letokhov, Generation of light by a scattering medium with negative resonance absorption," Sov. Phys. JETP, Vol. 26, 1968, p. 835.

Note that we have nominated a version of this process, together with consideration of the erroneously discarded Heaviside nondiverged energy flow component, as the fundamental mechanism proposed to be involved in gamma ray bursters, x-ray bursters, and in some gamma ray and x-ray flashes associated with atmospheric phenomena on earth in thunderstorms, etc.  We also nominated the missing Heaviside energy flow component as the agent accounting for the excess gravity (some 90% of the total gravity) in the arms of spiral galaxies that hole those arms intact so they do not fly apart.  See T.E. Bearden, "Dark Matter or Dark Energy?", Journal of New Energy, 4(4), Spring 2000, p. 4-11 (also available on http://www.cheniere.org); — "Giant Negentropy from the Common Dipole," Proceedings of Congress 2000, St. Petersburg, Russia, Vol. 1, July 2000 , p. 86-98.  Also published in Journal of New Energy, 5(1), Summer 2000, p. 11-23.  Also carried on DoE open website http://www.ott.doe.gov/papersbooks.html and on http://www.cheniere.org.

LAW OF PHYSICS

A restriction placed upon the physical mechanisms that can occur under certain broad assumptions as to the background situation and environment.

Actually, in nature there are no such rigidly fixed "laws"; these are only man's synthesis for the behavior of large classes of systems under very general conditions. Any "law of physics" can be violated if the conditions contained in its assumptions are violated. Conservation laws are often touted as "laws of physics." Actually, the conservation laws assume a closed system or one in equilibrium, and a linear spacetime (Lorentz frame). If either or both of these assumptions is locally violated, any or all of the conservation laws can be violated locally, even though the overall global conservation is still upheld. Quite simply, in that case one has opened the system (broken symmetry). In particle physics, broken symmetry already results in violation of one or more of the conservation laws. In leading Russian physics journals, papers are regularly published containing unrestricted general relativity with concomitant violation of any and all conservation laws.

LAWANDY PATENTS

Patents covering and related to anti-Stokes emission (excess emission of energy) in strongly scattering, optically active media such as TiO2 particles in suspension.

More energy is emitted than one must input to stimulate the effect. It is being hailed as a new form of lasing, without the requirement for population inversion.

LETOKHOV, V. S.

Russian pioneer in excess emission phenomena from stimulated media.

LETOKHOV EFFECT

The excess emission (overunity emission of energy) phenomena in strongly scattering, optically active media, usually referred to as "negative absorption of the medium".

For an overview, see V. S. Letokhov, “Stimulated emission of an ensemble of scattering particles with negative absorption,” ZhETF Plasma, 5(8), Apr. 15, 1967, p. 262-265;  —“Generation of light by a scattering medium with negative resonance absorption,” Sov. Phys. JETP, 26(4), Apr. 1968, p. 835-839; — “Laser Maxwell’s Demon,” Contemporary Physics, 36(4), 1995, p. 235-243.

LOCALITY

Characteristic where interactions are local in spacetime.

LOCALIZED

Confined to a small region of a large system rather than being extended through the system or at a distance.

LOCAL VIRTUAL PHOTON FLUX OF VACUUM

Refers to a local region of the vacuum, which also refers to the vacuum flux density of that region.

LONGITUDINAL COMPONENT

In EM waves, the longitudinal component of the fields along the direction of travel,

...as opposed to the transverse components at right angles to the direction of travel.

LONGITUDINAL E-FIELD

We may divide any electrical field into two components, a transverse component and a longitudinal component.

Of course one or the other may be a zero vector.

LONGITUDINAL GRADIENT

Compression wave gradients (differences) in density or pressure,

...considered in a direction from their origin along the direction of primary movement, vs. transverse waves, which act perpendicular to that direction.

LONGITUDINAL INTERIOR WAVE

In conventional theory, the electric portion of the EM wave is a transverse field oscillation, and the longitudinal component is essentially zero.

In the new "infolded" wave approach, there is no overall transverse gradient in the vacuum potential, but there is an infolded longitudinal gradient which oscillates "inside the vacuum potential." This is rather like a "pressure wave" transmitted under water, without causing a surface wave involving physical upheaval and fall-off of the water. In EM, by analogy the speed of the "bulk upheaval" transverse wave is nominally c, the speed of light in vacuum [but see discussion of galloping waves, for what really happens!]. The speed of the pressure wave, under water, may be very much greater than c, because it is a special "tunneling" process and it also involves the galloping wave effect. Experimental measurement of superluminal tunneling velocities—such as more than 4c—are already well-known in the literature.

To better visualize this "pressure wave," consider that it is like a sort of "velocity modulation" upon the edge of the conventionally-visualized plane wave front of a traveling transverse wave, except now the plane itself does not move. All the succeeding planes are "bumped" by the velocity modulation of one plane, and so the velocity modulation propagates through (inside) the vacuum potential as a modulated pressure wave, without transverse change of the potential.

Now we have a very special medium! It consists of bidirectional EM wave pairs, one passing through the other. In such a case, it is already known that the speed of a "planar wave front" in the superposition and resulting interference of two oppositely moving waves can in fact greatly exceed the speed of light momentarily, then slow dramatically below than the speed of light, etc., so long as the average velocity is c. This is called the galloping wave effect. [E.g., see William G. Harter et al., "Galloping waves and their relativistic properties, American Journal of Physics, 53(7), July 1985, p. 671-679.]. Since the plane wavefront within the interior can in fact vary its velocity, we are quite free to use this "velocity pulse modulation" effect of wavefront speed variation, to place signal intelligence upon the planar wave front speed variations. So we can transmit hidden pressure waves with intelligence on them, through the interior of the vacuum potential. Further, the restriction to an average velocity of c does not have to apply, and the planar pressure pulses can be transmitted much faster than c. This is the basis of the work Fogal and I are struggling with, in order to achieve superluminal communication. It is also what we have been struggling with in an effort to come up with a communication system that can propagate infolded signals inside the H-bonding potential of the ocean itself, so that high-data-rate communications with deep submarines could be utilized, at any distance, and the huge, gawky, frightfully expensive, and environment-affecting ELF systems be done away with. We also think it should eventually be possible to develop an underwater radar type of system, but it's far too early at this point to try to conceptualize just exactly how it would work.

LONGITUDINAL WAVE

A "pressure" type of wave, similar to sound, in which the vibrations are along the direction of travel of the wave.

Hence, a wave composed of alternating densifications and rarefactions, where we focus upon the longitudinal component of the changes. In the past we have used the term "scalar waves" to imply longitudinal standing waves, such as in one infolded Stoney-Whittaker wavepair inside the scalar potential. In classical EM theory, the Poynting vector predicts no longitudinal wave of energy from a time-varying, electrically charged source. In fact, even in the ordinary theory, an exact solution of the problem does allow this longitudinal wave, as shown by Keech and Corum, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 20(1), 1981, pp. 63-68. Conventionally, as explained elsewhere in this glossary, the classical electromagnetic wave is modeled as a vector string wave, comprised of transverse vibrations on implicitly assumed material taut strings in the vacuum. In the new approach, such transverse vector force field waves (Hertz waves) do not exist as such in vacuum; instead, two coupled, dynamic scalar potentials exist there. The E and B fields are formed and exist as the these potentials and their gradient coupling to spinning charged detecting mass particles.

LONGITUDINALLY

Of or in length. Running or placed or operating or changing lengthwise. Opposed to transverse.

LORENTZ, HENDRIK ANTOON

Renowned Dutch physicist and Nobelist, 1853-1928, who developed the Lorentz transformations and Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction.

He shared the Nobel Prize for discovering the Zeeman effect.

LORENTZ INVARIANCE

An inertial frame is independent of the velocity of the frame relative to any other frame.

LORENTZ INVARIANCE PRINCIPLE

The principle that the laws of physics are the same in all reference frames.

LORENTZ REGAUGING

Changing the two potentials in the Maxwell-Heaviside equations in potential form so that the resulting equations have the variables separated.

An unfortunate effect is that this discards all Maxwellian systems far from equilibrium in their vacuum exchange, hence discards all permissible Maxwellian COP>1.0 systems.

LORENTZ SYMMETRY

Referring to the symmetrical regauging by Lorentz of Maxwell's equations.

LORENZ, LUDWIG VALENTIN

Scientist who first changed Maxwell's equations—two years after their publication in 1865—by (effectively) symmetrically regauging them, thereby unwittingly discarding all Maxwellian systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium with the active vacuum.

See L. V. Lorenz, "On the identity of the vibrations of light with electrical currents," Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 34, 1867, p. 287-301. In this paper Lorenz gave essentially what today is called the Lorentz symmetrical regauging. 

Comment: (gratefully received from T. Barrett)  This paper gave f(t-r/c) functions.  Fitzgerald said that Lorenz's functions were essentially the same as his, and Fitzgerald became a leading proponent of "retarded potentials".  But it is believed that Fitzgerald was unaware of Lorenz's work until the 1880's, so he is given credit for parallel development.  Some people talk of Fitzgerald-Lorenz functions.  This is a regauging, but the term "gauge" (inspired by railroad gauges) was first introduced by Hermann Weyl in the 1900s.  He used it for a change in length and was shot down by Einstein's theory—Weyl's theory was not relativistic.  The idea resurfaced in the 1920s when quantum theory was being formulated, but this time it meant "change in phase" and not "change in length".

Comment by T.E.B.: Thus "Lorentz" regauging of Maxwell's equations really was first done by Lorenz in 1967.  However, not too much attention was paid to L. V. Lorenz' work (e.g., by Fitzgerald).  When H. A. Lorentz later used symmetrical regauging (essentially Lorenz' regauging), his influence was so great that it was adopted straightaway and has remained adopted to this day.

LOW ENERGY NUCLEAR REACTION (LENR)

Cold fusion, or the anomalous transmutations of elements which occur in certain electrolytes with specially prepared palladium electrodes. 

The transmutations occur even though in conventional theory there is insufficient energy to accomplish them.

Conventional science has rather vehemently attacked cold fusion and many of the cold fusion scientists, even though there are now hundreds of successful experiments in multiple laboratories throughout the world.

In our view, once the properly-prepared palladium lattices are loaded with positive ions, the formation of temporary, fleeting time-reversal zones in the electrolyte temporarily reverses the law of attraction and repulsion of charges.  Thus H+ ions, e.g., may attract each other in even numbers (opposite numbers are forbidden by the Pauli exclusion principle), so closely that each enters the strong (nuclear) force region of the other, so that the group becomes a quasi-nucleus.  Note that the gluons are partially "unglued" by the TRZ formation, and so the preferred method of "decay" of the anomalous TRZ state as the surrounding electrolyte ions move to negate it, is by flipping of a quark.  One D+ ion coupled to one H+ ion, e.g., when attracted into a quasi-nucleus in a TRZ, may decay into tritium by flipping one quark and changing one of the protons into a neutron.  Two H+ ions may decay into deuterium (D+) by flipping one quark and turning an H+ into a neutron.  Two D+ ions may simply "tighten further" into a real nucleus as the TRZ decays, and result in an alpha particle (helium nucleus).  The TRZ hypothesis does precisely explain the most important reactions that are experimentally shown to occur.  For more on this hypothesis, see T. E. Bearden, "EM Corrections Enabling a Practical Unified Field Theory with Emphasis on Time-Charging Interactions of Longitudinal EM Waves," Explore, 8(6), 1998, p. 7-16; — ., "EM Corrections Enabling a Practical Unified Field Theory with Emphasis on Time-Charging Interactions of Longitudinal EM Waves," Journal of New Energy, 3(2/3), 1998, p. 12-28.

MAGNETIC DIPOLE

Paired north and south magnetic poles of equal strength over microscopic or macroscopic distance.

MAGNETIC INDUCTION

The act of a change in magnetic field producing an electric field at right angles, which in turn produces electron flow.

MAGNETIC SPIN

Refers to the intrinsic angular momentum, known as spin, of electrons, protons, and neutrons, etc.

The electrons combined in an atom or ion have a resultant angular momentum, that is the combined intrinsic spin of the electrons and the angular momentum due to their motion around the nucleus. There is also a magnetic moment associated with this angular momentum (spin) whenever it is nonzero. Therefore atoms or ions with nonzero spin are magnetic atoms or ions. This is often loosely referred to as "magnetic spin." It is actually the magnetic moment of nonzero spin.

MAGNETOELECTRONICS

New microelectronic components which exploit the spin of the electron rather than its charge.

References: A Barthelemy et al., "Giant Steps with Tiny Magnets," Physics World, Nov. 1994, p. 34-38;  G. Prinz, "Magnetoelectronics," Science, Vol. 282, 1998, p. 1660.

MAGNETORESISTANCE

A change in electrical resistivity in a material when a magnetic field is applied to the material.

MAGNETORESISTANCE, COLOSSAL

A very large change in electrical resistance observed in the manganese perovskite materials when a magnetic field is applied to them.  The effect in these materials is the largest magnetoresistance effect known at present.

See N. A. Babushkina et al., "Metal-insulator transition induced by oxygen isotope exchange in the magnetoresistive perovskite manganites," Nature, Vol. 31, 1998, p. 159; L. I. Balcells et al., "High-field magnetoresistance at interfaces in manganese perovskites," Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 58, 1998, p. R14697; M. Blamire et. al., "Understanding and utilizing colossal magnetoresistance materials," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A., Vol. 356, 1998, p. 1469-1712.

MAGNETOSTATIC SCALAR POTENTIAL

Roughly, the "pole strength" differential between the two poles of a magnetic dipole.

Anyone who wishes may polish this definition.

MASSLESS DISPLACEMENT CURRENTS

Currents without mass.

Examples in the standard theory include df/dt, dE/dt, dP/dt, dB/dt, etc.