Hi Gary,

 

Note the article below, extracted from the Daily Mail in the UK, 19 September 2007.

 

Australian thermodynamicists already have shown a very solid basis for just such effects, and published their work in prestigious scientific publications.

 

Connect this experimentally demonstrated British “excess heat” effect by Calver et al. to the fact that, as pointed out by Maxwell in 1878, the smaller parts (such as the molecules) of every macrosystem are continually violating the old second law of thermodynamics by taking on excess energy (i.e., from the broken symmetry of the vacuum exchange of the charges). Quoting Maxwell:

 

"The truth of the second law is … a statistical, not a mathematical, truth, for it depends on the fact that the bodies we deal with consist of millions of molecules… Hence the second law of thermodynamics is continually being violated, and that to a considerable extent, in any sufficiently small group of molecules belonging to a real body." [J. C. Maxwell, “Tait's Thermodynamics II,” Nature 17, 278–280 (7 February 1878)].
 

Note also that any system of charges is a system of continuous exchanges between the seething virtual state vacuum fluctuations and those charges. Every charge also is known to polarize its surrounding active vacuum, forming a dipolarity ensemble. And that is a known broken symmetry in physics (Lee and Yang were promptly awarded the Nobel Prize in 1957 for predicting broken symmetry, which was almost immediately proven experimentally by Wu and her colleagues in Feb. 1957. With unprecedented speed, the Nobel Committee awarded Lee and Yang the Nobel Prize in the same year, in Dec. 1957. This was and is a giant revolution in physics, but has not made it very much into chemistry, and has not made it at all into the hoary old 1880s/1890s seriously flawed electrical engineering.

 

Now realize that the transient fluctuation theorem (originally derived from or in accord with Einstein’s work on Brownian motion) shows the negative entropy effect. For a modern Australian statement of the transient fluctuation theorem, see

D. J. Evans and D. J. Searles, "Equilibrium microstates which generate second law violating steady states," Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 50, 1994, p. 1645-1648.

This paper advances the transient fluctuation theorem which predicts appreciable and measurable violations of the second law of thermodynamics for small systems over short time scales. The theorem relates the relative probability of delivering negative versus positive work to an experimental vessel. The theorem applies to systems in a constant-temperature environment and initially at equilibrium.

 

Note the phrase “delivering negative … work to an experimental vessel”. Delivering negative work of course means “delivering positive excess energy”.

 

In other words, since smaller parts of the system continually receive excess energy, it is possible to “tap” some of this transient fluctuation excess energy in fluids etc. as free work. In short, it is possible to produce excess heating.

 

For a further generalized form of the transient fluctuation theorem, when one manipulates a system so as to change its free energy, see Gavin E. Crooks,
 

"Entropy production fluctuation theorem and the nonequilibrium work relation for free energy differences," Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 60, 1999, p. 2721-2726.

 

For theoretical proof that real physical systems can produce continuous negative entropy (i.e., continuous acquisition or receipt of excess potential energy), see

 

D. J. Evans and Lamberto Rondoni, "Comments on the Entropy of Nonequilibrium Steady States," J. Stat. Phys., 109(3-4), Nov. 2002, p. 895-920.

This paper proves that real physical systems can produce continuous negative entropy, in total violation to the flawed old second law of equilibrium thermodynamics.

 

See also

G. M. Wang, E. M. Sevick, Emil Mittag, Debra J. Searles, and Denis J. Evans, "Experimental Demonstration of Violations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics for Small Systems and Short Time Scales," Phys. Rev. Lett., 89(5), 29 July 2002, 050601.

Experimentally demonstrates the integrated transient fluctuation theorem, which predicts appreciable and measurable violations of the second law of thermodynamics for small systems over short time scales. Entropy consumption is shown to occur over colloidal length and time scales, for up to two seconds and at micron size scales. Note that in an average aqueous type fluid, a cubic micron volume contains some 30 billion ions. This means that groupings of 30 billion ions receiving excess energy (and increasing their potential energy available) for up to two seconds can exist.

 

And as Steven Blau pointed out,

“The transient fluctuation theorem tested by Evans and coworkers applies to systems in a constant-temperature environment and initially at equilibrium." [Steven K. Blau, "The Unusual Thermodynamics of Microscopic Systems," Physics Today, 55(9), Sep. 2002, p. 19-21. Quote is from pp. 19-20].
 

If there is a method (say, near the walls of the container) for this excess energy to be emitted as heat, then this type effect can produce excess heat energy passing through the walls and out of the container.

 

It may be just a problem of “tailoring” the various ingredients of the fluid so that this “release of excess transient fluctuation energy” occurs as heat passing on out of the container. That is a very special kind of “disequilibrium” where only a part of the fluid is far from thermodynamic equilibrium, at any one time. If so, then nonequilibrium thermodynamics guarantees that one is allowed to violate the hoary old second law of “equilibrium” thermodynamics. One effect known to allow such violation is sharp gradients.

 

So if the transient fluctuations in their initial gain of excess energy then sharply decline, that gives a sharp gradient that could definitely emit real heat through the walls of the container.

 

The real reason it can do so (emit excess EM energy in the form of heat) is that any “static EM field” of an atom or molecule is not static at all. Instead, it is a steady flow of real photons, emitted by the source charge or dipolarity to which the “static” field is associated. For a beautiful analogy, see Van Flandern’s analogy. Quoting Van Flandern on the question of a static field actually being made of finer parts in continuous motion:

“To retain causality, we must distinguish two distinct meanings of the term ‘static’. One meaning is unchanging in the sense of no moving parts. The other meaning is sameness from moment to moment by continual replacement of all moving parts. We can visualize this difference by thinking of a waterfall. A frozen waterfall is static in the first sense, and a flowing waterfall is static in the second sense. Both are essentially the same at every moment, yet the latter has moving parts capable of transferring momentum, and is made of entities that propagate. …So are … fields for a rigid, stationary source frozen, or are they continually regenerated? Causality seems to require the latter.” [Tom Van Flandern, “The speed of gravity – What the experiments say,” Physics Letters A, Vol. 250, Dec. 21, 1998, p. 8-9].

Wang and the rest of the D. J. Evans group have pointed out that the “transient” fluctuation theory can apply steadily (for all time) when associated with a nonequilibrium steady state system. Quoting:
 

 

“The fluctuation theorem (FT) quantifies the probability of second law violations in small systems over short time scales. While this theorem has been experimentally demonstrated for systems that are perturbed from an initial equilibrium state, there are a number of studies suggesting that the theorem applies asymptotically in the long time limit to systems in a nonequilibrium steady state. The asymptotic application of the FT to such nonequilibrium steady states has been referred to in the literature as the steady-state fluctuation theorem (or SSFT). In this paper, we demonstrate experimentally the application of the FT to nonequilibrium steady states, using a colloidal particle localized in a translating optical trap. Furthermore, we show, for this colloidal system, that the FT holds under nonequilibrium steady states for all time, and not just in the long time limit, as in the SSFT.” [G. M. Wang, J. C. Reid, D. M. Carberry, D. R. M. Williams, E. M. Sevick, and Denis J. Evans. “Experimental study of the fluctuation theorem in a nonequilibrium steady state.” Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 71, 2005, 046142].
 

 

So indeed a very good basis exists for systems that do permissibly emit excess heat energy continuously.

 

It would appear that Calver and the other members of his British team had discovered one such system. The foregoing work by Evans et al. have already shown a very strong basis for just such an effect.

 

As we have so long pointed out, if the scientific community will just unleash and fund some of its sharp young doctoral candidates, postdoctoral scientists, and a few sharp young professors and allow them to work in such areas, then in two years there will never again be an energy crisis in the world anywhere. It will solved cheaply, cleanly, and easily – and it will also solve most of the present problem of human contribution to global warming, by dramatically reducing or eliminating most harmful emissions that contribute to it from all our power systems, autos, etc.

 

Best wishes,
 

Tom Bearden

 

 

 

19 Sept 2007 Login » Register »
Science & technology, DAILY MAIL (UK)
HOW THIS 12INCH MIRACLE TUBE COULD HALVE HEATING BILLS
Amazing British invention creates MORE energy than you put into it - and could soon be warming your home

Last updated at 21:09pm on 15th September 2007

It sounds too good to be true - not to mention the fact that it violates almost every known law of physics.

But British scientists claim they have invented a revolutionary device that seems to 'create' energy from virtually nothing.

Their so-called thermal energy cell could soon be fitted into ordinary homes, halving domestic heating bills and making a major contribution towards cutting carbon emissions.

Hot stuff: Ecowatts boss Paul Calver with the device

Even the makers of the device are at a loss to explain exactly how it works - but sceptical independent scientists carried out their own tests and discovered that the 12in x 2in tube really does produce far more heat energy than the electrical energy put in.

The device seems to break the fundamental physical law that energy cannot be created from nothing - but researchers believe it taps into a previously unrecognised source of energy, stored at a sub-atomic level within the hydrogen atoms in water.

The system - developed by scientists at a firm called Ecowatts in a nondescript laboratory on an industrial estate at Lancing, West Sussex - involves passing an electrical current through a mixture of water, potassium carbonate (otherwise known as potash) and a secret liquid catalyst, based on chrome.

This creates a reaction that releases an incredible amount of energy compared to that put in. If the reaction takes place in a unit surrounded by water, the liquid heats up, which could form the basis for a household heating system.

If the technology can be developed on a domestic scale, it means consumers will need much less energy for heating and hot water - creating smaller bills and fewer greenhouse gases.

Jim Lyons, of the University of York, independently evaluated the system. He said: 'Let's be honest, people are generally pretty sceptical about this kind of thing. Our team was happy to take on the evaluation, even if to prove it didn't work.

'But this is a very efficient replacement for the traditional immersion heater. We have examined this interesting technology and when we got the rig operating, we were getting 150 to 200 per cent more energy out than we put in, without trying too hard.

People are sceptical - but somehow it works

'We are still not clear about the science involved here, because the physics and chemistry are very different-to everything that has gone before. Our challenge now is to study the science and how it works.'

The device has taken ten years of painstaking work by a small team at Ecowatts' tiny red-brick laboratory, and bosses predict a household version of their device will be ready to go on sale within the next 18 months.

The project, which has cost the company £1.4million, has the backing of the Department of Trade and Industry, which is keen to help poorer families without traditional central heating or who cannot afford rocketing fuel bills.

Ecowatts says the device will cost between £1,500 and £2,000, in line with the price of traditional systems.

The development of the groundbreaking technology results from a chance meeting between Ecowatts chairman Chris Davies, his wife Jane and an Irish inventor, Christopher Eccles, while the couple were on holiday near Shannon in 1998.

After the inventor showed the couple his laboratory experiments, Mrs Davies, immediately signed a £20,000 cheque on the bonnet of her car and handed it over to Mr Eccles.

He later became chief scientist of Ecowatts' parent company Gardner Watts, but has since left after 'falling out' with the company, according to insiders. Sadly, Mrs Davies died three years ago, so she will be unable to share in the success of her husband's development of the idea.

Mr Davies, now 75, of Dedham, Essex, was unavailable for comment last night.

But Ecowatts chief executive Paul Calver said: 'When Jane Davies whipped out her cheque book, it turned out to be a very good investment indeed.

'She and Chris were always interested in ecology and now it looks as if our heat exchanger system is ready to go on sale soon. We're producing a device in the next nine months to heat radiators.

'Most British homes rely on gas, and the Government has admitted there is a problem getting a substitute. Our device will help solve that.'

Sustainable energy expert Professor Saffa Riffat, of Nottingham University, has also led a team investigating the system.

He said: 'The concept is very interesting and it could be a major breakthrough, but more tests are required. We will be doing further checks.'


Here's a sample of the latest comments published. You can click view all to read all comments that readers have sent in.

Keep testing, and make sure it can be reproduced in other labs by other scientists.

- Mel, UK

If this is true, then let us hope that yet another great British invention is not lost to this Country and then exploited by foreign corporations and industry.

- Andy, Lancashire, England

So the government will just raise the cost of power.

- Expatriot, Newquay

September 19, 2007

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=481996&in_page_id=1965