Wow!  I must get together and get to you how the long-neglected Heaviside nondiverged EM energy flow --- associated with every circuit and field/charge reaction but arbitrarily discarded by Lorentz circa the 1890s --- can be used to show the generation of very significant antigravity and thus the expansion of the universe!  One first rigorously separates the 3-space effect (after observation and application of d/dt operator) from the 4-space cause prior to observation and removal of the time unit.

E.g., Dirac's theory predicts the negative energy electron as a 4-hole in the vacuum energy, NOT a 3-spatial thing.  To exist, it has to exist in time, so must "occupy some time".  That's just assuming the fundamental entity is action, of course.

However, everyone shunned or recoiled from the negative energy 4-hole, so it has largely been considered after its interaction with matter, where it eats an electron, leaving a positive charge, which we call the "positron" (it's actually a 3-positron, and thinking in 3-space instead of 4-space seems to be what is sought.).

But as I pointed out in the book, every COP>1.0 EM power system outputs a mix of both positive EM energy and negative EM energy. The negative EM energy is in the form of noninteracted Dirac 4-holes.  These move in the "fields or emf" backwards from output to the input section, where in the line the external power supply there are incoming Drude electrons.  So this 4-hole current, unless handled, will just "eat its weight in incoming real electrons" (without radiation, a plus curvature of ST meets a negative curvature of ST, and a flat ST is the result of that union).  So the external power supply sees an "extra load" in the input section of that powered system.  It then must "power that hole current" before it has any current left over to power the unit normally!

That is the previously unexplained natural mechanism for decaying an overunity EM power output process right back into an overall underunity process, taking more power from the power line that is output.

Bedini's process for converting that negative energy to real positive energy (that's actually regauging, which can be done with a simple capacitor by special technique), is shown.  With it, one converts the negative energy "load" into a positive energy "powering input", reducing the draw on the external power supply.

All that was just to show what can occur in overunity EM systems.

Now for what generates the acceleration of the expanding universe.  Consider that sharp gradients (such as in big astronomical explosions, etc.) are already known (Kondepudi and Prigogine) to violate thermodynamics, and not much is known about such sharp gradients, either experimentally or theoretically.

In short, overunity processes occur in these sharp gradients by several processes.  The overunity value can be very high (I worked for some years with Sweet, whose overunity system produced a COP of 1,500,000.  That meant its output was mostly negative energy from Dirac 4-hole radiation, and such negative energy density of the vacuum produces antigravity.  Indeed, one could short the output leads and they would instantly freeze over in solid ice from the water in the air.  No "melting" of the copper would occur, and cold was produced instead of heat.

When one adds the arbitrarily removed Heaviside nondiverged energy flow component (the Bohren experiment proves it is actually there), then suddenly we have ENORMOUS negative energy being produced, that is, we have sufficient curvature of local spacetime to produce significant antigravity.

I designed an experiment for the Sweet device using that concept, and it worked beautifully, steadily reducing the weight of the machine on the bench by 90%, merely by increasing the COP (the negative energy output, including its Heaviside component).  Here in Huntsville with Sweet conducting the experiment in California and reading the results off to me, the measurements plotted a beautiful curve.  We later got the gist of that experiment in a publication and got it published obscurely.

Anyway, consider the Dirac 4-holes as source charges (prior to observation, so they are still negative energy electrons and not positive energy positrons).  Consider the overunity processes ongoing in sharp gradients etc. out there in the big astronomical explosions and extreme processes. This means that there is continual production of a totally disregarded antigravity, being produced all the time and radiating into space from that production.

That negative gravity is sufficient, it appears, to offset the check of normal gravity produced in entropic reactions, so the NET spacetime effect is a curvature for negative gravity.  Thus the galaxies etc. are accelerated away from each other by the excess antigravity forces.

We formally proposed that in 2000, and I included a chapter in my new book dealing with such matters also.

Hope this helps.  I haven't run across any other consideration of the Dirac 4-hole a  source charge, producing negative energy EM fields and potentials and therefore a field of negative energy curvature of spacetime (negative gravitational field).  This is a SIGNIFICANT gravitational field when one includes the long missing Heaviside excess energy flow component, long discarded by Lorentz.  (Standard electrodynamics still uses Lorentz's little integration trick of integrating the entire energy flow vector around a closed surface assumed surrounding any volume element of interest.  That separates the energy flow vector into a  Poynting (diverged energy flow) vector component and a Heaviside (nondiverged energy flow) vector component. It also arbitrarily discards the nondiverged Heaviside component under Lorentz's dictum that "it has no physical significance".  Relativity was unknown them, so the significance to curved spacetime of an enormous extra EM energy flow component --- up to 10 trillion times the magnitude of the Poynting flow component --- remained lost on them.

Anyway, something like that is what the AIAS work seems to be progressing toward.

Very best wishes,

Tom

P.S. There is a chapter in my new book that among other things deals with dark energy and the observed acceleration of the universe's expansion.